FUNGI . . . . .

A summary
Structure. . . . .
Unicellular: Yeast
Multi-cellular: Hyphae clump together - Mycelium
Nutrition. . . . .
Saprophytic fungi enzymes to break down matter
Reproduction. . . . .
Spore formation: Bread mould
Budding: Yeast
Importance. . . . .
Beneficial Environment, Medicinal / Health & Food
Harmful Causes diseases in plants & Humans

We are the most

abundant living
organisms on Earth!
We are unicellular
and our cell is
simple

We are prokaryotes
as we do not have a
well defined nucleus

Since Flemming already beat

you to it with penicillin, I take
it we can dispose of your
week-old sandwich?

Of course Ill need to run

some tests; but offhand Id
say its some sort of
infection.

DIVERSITY OF MICROORGANISMS
MONERA & FUNGI

BACTERIA . . . . . Structure
CAPSULE (/SLIME)
Protects the cell
CYTOPLASM

FIMBRIA Helps
the cell to adhere
to surfaces

CELL MEMBRANE
NUCLEAR
MATERIAL

CELL WALL
FLAGELLUM Provides
motility to the cell

BACTERIA . . . . . Structure
Bacteria exist in four basic shapes . . . . .
Circular referred to as cocci
Rod- referred to as bacilli
Helical referred to as spirilla or spirochetes
Curved referred to as vibrios
Bacteria also gather in groups . . . . .
In chains : prefix Strepto- is used to describe them
In clusters : prefix Staphylo- is used to describe them
As a pair : prefix Diplo- is used to describe them

BACTERIA . . . . . Structure
Identify the shape & / arrangement of the following bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Shape:

Rod

Arrangement:

Pair

Shape & Arrangement : Diplobacillus

Escherichia coli

Neisseria
meningitidis

Shape:

Circular

Arrangement:

Pair

Shape & Arrangement: Diplococcus

BACTERIA . . . . . Structure
Identify the shape & / arrangement of the following bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Shape:

Curved

Arrangement:

Not applicable

Vibrio cholerae

Borrelia
burgdorferi

Shape:

Helical (Spirochete)

Arrangement:

Not applicable

BACTERIA . . . . . Structure
Identify the shape & / arrangement of the following bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Shape:

Circular

Arrangement:

In Chains

Streptococcus
pyogenes

Staphylococcus
aureus

Shape:

Circular

Arrangement:

In Clusters

BACTERIA . . . . . Nutrition
Bacteria are able to . . . . .
Derive nutrients from other organisms (heterotrophic)
Produce food in the presence of light (photosynthetic)

Photosynthetic . . . . .
Blue-green bacteria

Purple-sulfur bacteria

BACTERIA . . . . . Reproduction
Bacteria are able to reproduce . . . . .
Sexually through a process called CONJUGATION
Asexually through a process called BINARY FISSION

In CONJUGATION . . . . .
(animation)

PILUS

BACTERIA . . . . . Reproduction
Bacteria are able to reproduce . . . . .
Sexually through a process called CONJUGATION
Asexually through a process called BINARY FISSION

In BINARY FISSION . . . .
(animation)

BACTERIA . . . . . Locomotion
Bacteria compared with Sperm and Paramecium.
Click for animation on
Bacterial Motility and
Flagella distribution
Monotrichous
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous
Lophotrichous

Escherichia coli

Sperm of Ciona intestinalis

Paramecium

BACTERIA . . . . . Locomotion
Flagella (flagellum-singular) are long, hair-like
appendages that function like propellers. They allow
bacteria to swim and move. Unlike the flagella found on
human sperm, bacterial flagella rotate 360 degrees
If the flagellum
rotates counterclockwise, the
cell swims in a
smooth line
called a "run."
During "tumbles"
the flagellum
"reverses"
direction and the
cell stops and
changes its
course.

BACTERIA . . . . . Importance

Environment In
Bioremediation

Health In the
gut, produces
Vitamin K

Clean-up crews use the

Pseudomonas putida bacteria
(inset) to decontaminate soil
polluted by oil spills.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a

bacterium commonly found in
the lower intestine. Most E.
coli strains are harmless and
can produce vitamin K2 or
prevent harmful bacteria from
successfully invading the
intestine.

BACTERIA . . . . . Importance
Spirochaete, or
"corkscrew-shaped"
bacteria known as Borrelia
burgdorferi, which is the
pathogen that causes
Lyme disease. These
bacteria are transmitted to
humans by the bite of an
infected deer tick.

Lyme Disease
Borrelia
burgdorferi

Meningitis
Neisseria
meningitidis

It is one of the most common causes

of bacterial meningitis. Meningitis is
an inflammation of the meninges that
protect the brain and spinal cord that
can be caused by bacteria and
viruses.

BACTERIA . . . . . A summary
Structure. . . . .
Cell wall (peptidoglycan), Flagellum, Fimbria
Different shapes and arrangement
Nutrition . . . . .
Derive nutrients from other organisms (heterotrophic)
Produce food in the presence of light (photosynthetic)
Reproduction. . . . .
Sexual Conjugation with help of pilus
Asexual Binary Fission
Importance. . . . .
Positive impact Environment, Health, & Food &
Beverages production
Negative impact Causes diseases in Human

FUNGI . . . . . Introduction
Complex organisms; Eukaryotes
Microscopic Yeast, Moulds
Macroscopic Mushrooms, Gill fungi
Well distributed moist conditions.
E.g. Mildew Fungi in the bathroom & shower curtains

YEAST

BREAD MOULD

FUNGI . . . . . Introduction
Complex organisms; Eukaryotes
Microscopic Yeast, Moulds
Macroscopic Mushrooms, Gill fungi
Well distributed moist conditions.
E.g. Mildew Fungi in the bathroom & shower curtains

MUSHROOM

GILL FUNGI

FUNGI . . . . . Structure

Cell wall is
made up of
cellulose /
chitin
Presence of
nucleus and
membrane
bound
organelles like
mitochondria
and vacuoles.

FUNGI . . . . . Structure & Nutrition

Multi -cellular Fungi are made up of a mass of
tube-like structures called HYPHA. Many HYPHAE
form a MYCELIUM. (MYCELIA pl.)
Hyphae produce ENZYMES which help to break
down the food
As SAPROPHYTES the fungal cells are able to
absorb the food.

HYPHA

FUNGI . . . . . Reproduction
Fungi are able to reproduce asexually through. . . . .
SPORE FORMATION as in Bread Mould
BUDDING as in Yeast

BUDDING (animation)

SPORE FORMATION (animation)

FUNGI . . . . . Importance
State the importance of Fungi based on the following illustrations . . . . .

In the food industry bread making

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

FUNGI . . . . . Importance
State the importance of Fungi based on the following illustrations . . . . .

In the beverage industry alcoholic

drinks

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

FUNGI . . . . . Importance
State the importance of Fungi based on the following illustrations . . . . .
Disease causing Phytophthora infestans. . . .

. . . .causing Potato Late Blight.

FUNGI . . . . . Importance
State the importance of Fungi based on the following illustrations . . . . .
Penicillium notatum

Health / Medicine Fungi used to

produce chemical substances like
antibiotics.

FUNGI . . . . . Importance
State the importance of Fungi based on the following illustrations . . . . .
Fungal hyphae on rotting wood.

Environment As saprophytes they

break down dead matter.

FUNGI . . . . . Importance
State the importance of Fungi based on the following illustrations . . . . .
Disease causing fungi causes
athletes foot in Humans

Trichophyton rubrum

Animations
http://www.ryancshaw.com/Files/micro/Animation
s/BacterialConjugation/PLAY_conjugation.html
http://www.classzone.com/books/hs/ca/sc/bio_0
7/animated_biology/bio_ch05_0149_ab_fission.
html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=iOvrq6ssy2Y&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=9CRNmde0WUc&feature=related