Thermodynamics I

Lecture 3: Properties of
Pure Substances (cont)
Prof: Dr. P. Q. Gauthier

Previous Lecture

At 1 atm and 20C,

water exists in the
liquid phase
(compressed liquid).
At 1 atm pressure
and 100C, water
exists as a liquid
that is ready to
vaporize
(saturated liquid).
Thermodynamics I

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Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

Previous Lecture

As more heat is
transferred, part of the
saturated liquid vaporizes
(saturated liquidvapor
mixture).
Thermodynamics I

At 1 atm pressure, the

temperature remains
constant at 100C until the
last drop of liquid is
vaporized (saturated
vapor).

Lecture 3

As more heat is
transferred, the
temperature of the
vapor starts to rise
(superheated vapor).

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Property Tables

For most substances, the relationship among thermodynamic

properties (e.g T,P,v,u, ..etc) are too complex to be expressed by
simple equations. Tables are commonly used to present the
properties

Thermodynamics I

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Enthalpy-A Combination Property

Enthalpy: a property will be mainly used in the analysis of power

and refrigeration cycles

H (J) U (J) PV (J) (enthalpy=internal energy+flow energy)

Or per unit mass: h (J/kg) =u (J/kg) +Pv (J/kg)

Thermodynamics I

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Saturated Liquid and Saturated

Vapor States

Figure:

partial

property table

Thermodynamics I

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list

of

Saturated Liquid and Saturated

Vapor States

hfg is called the enthalpy of

vaporization (or latent heat
of

vaporization).

It

represents the amount of

energy needed to vaporize a
unit

mass

liquid

of

at

saturated
a

given

temperature or pressure

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Example 1

A rigid tank contains 50 kg of saturated liquid water at 90C.

Determine the pressure in the tank, and the volume of the tank

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Solution

Thermodynamics I

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Example 2

A mass of 200 g of saturated liquid water is completely

vaporized at a constant pressure of 100 kPa. Determine (a) the
volume change and (b) the amount of energy transferred to the
water

Thermodynamics I

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Example 2

Thermodynamics I

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Solution

Thermodynamics I

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Example 3

A piston-cylinder device contains 2 ft3 of saturated water vapor

at 50 psia pressure. Determine the temperature of the vapor
and the mass of the vapor inside the cylinder

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Example 3

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Solution

Thermodynamics I

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Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture

Figure: the relative amounts of liquid and vapor phases in a

saturated mixture are specified by the quality x

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Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture

The quality x is defined as the ratio of mass of vapor to the

total mass of the mixture

mvapor
mtotal

Where : mtotal mliquid mvapor mf mg

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Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture

Figure:

The

two

phase

system can be treated as a

homogenous mixture for
convenience

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Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture

Let us determine the average specific volume

V Vf Vg

(1)

V
Since v= , equation (1) can be written as:
m
mt vav mfvf mgvg

(2)

=(mt mg )vf mgvg

mt vav mt vf mg (vg vf )
Dividing by mt : vav vf
Thermodynamics I

mg
mt

Lecture 3

(vg vf ) or vav vf x(vg vf )

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Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture

vav vf x(vg vf ) x

vav vf
vg vf

vav vf
vfg

Figure: Quality is related to the horizontal distances on the P-v

or T-v diagram

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Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture

Similarly as : vav vf x(vg vf )
We can prove that :
uav uf x(ug uf )
hav hf x(hg hf )
Or in general: yav yf x(yg yf ) where yf yav yg

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