Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2: Properties of
Pure Substances
Prof: Dr. Pierre Q. Gauthier

Previous Lecture

Introduction including course outline

Application areas of thermodynamics
A note on dimensions and units
Dimensional homogeneity
Closed and open systems
Forms of energy
Properties of a system
State and equilibrium
Process and cycles
Pressure and temperature scale

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

Present Lecture

Properties of pure substances

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

Pure Substances

A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout is

called a pure substances

Example: Nitrogen and gaseous air are pure substances

Thermodynamics I

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Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

Pure Substances

Pure substance does not have to be a single chemical element or

compound. A mixture of various chemical elements also qualified
as a pure substance, as long as the mixture is homogenous

Example: A mixture of liquid and gaseous water is pure

substance, but a mixture of liquid and gaseous air is not

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

Phases of Pure Substance

Three principle phases: solid, liquid, and gas

Example:

Iron has three solid phases

Ice may exist at seven different phases at high pressure,

each phase has a distinct molecular arrangement

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

Phases of Pure Substance

Figure: molecules are at relatively fixed position in a solid

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

Phases of Pure Substance

Figure: Groups of molecules move about each other in the liquid

phase

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

Phases of Pure Substance

Figure: Molecules move randomly in the gas phase

Thermodynamics I

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Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

Phase-Change Process of Pure

Substances

Figure: at 1 atm and 20C, water

exists

in

the

liquid

phase

(compressed liquid or sub-cooled

liquid)

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

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Phase-Change Process of Pure

Substances

Figure: at 1 atm and 100C, water

exists in the liquid that is ready
to vaporized (saturated liquid)

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Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

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Phase-Change Process of Pure

Substances

Figure: As more heat is

transferred, part of the
saturated liquid vaporized

Thermodynamics I

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Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

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Phase-Change Process of Pure

Substances

Figure: At 1 atm pressure,

the

temperature

remains

constant at 100C until the

last

drop

of

liquid

vaporized (saturated vapor)

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

13

is

Phase-Change Process of Pure

Substances

Figure:

As

more

heat

is

transferred, the temperature

of the vapor starts to rise
(superheated vapor)

Thermodynamics I

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Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

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Phase-Change Process of Pure

Substances

Figure: T-v diagram

for

the

heating

process of water at
constant pressure

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

15

Saturation Temperature and

Saturation Pressure

Water boiled at 100C, is that a correct statement?

No, it depends on the pressure

Saturation temperature: is the temperature at which a pure

substance changes phase, Tsat

Saturation pressure: is the pressure (at a given temperature) at

which a pure substance changes phase

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

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Saturation
Temperature and
Saturation Pressure

Example:
pressure

Saturation

of

water

(boiling)

at

various

temperatures

Note: the boiling temperature of a

pure substance could be negative,
for example, saturation temperature
for N2 at atmospheric pressure is
-196C

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

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Property Diagrams for Phase-change

Process

The liquid-vapor saturation curve of a pure substance (numerical

values are for water)

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

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Property Diagrams for Phase-change

Process

The T-v diagram

of

constant

pressure
change
of

phase
process

pure

substance

at

various pressures
(numerical values
are for water)
Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

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Property Diagrams for Phase-change

Process

Figure: At supercritical
pressure (P > Pcr) there is
no distinct phase-change
(boiling) process

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

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Property Diagrams for Phase-change

Process

Figure: T-v diagram of a substance

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

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Property Diagrams for Phase-change

Process

Figure: P-v diagram of a pure substance

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

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Property Diagrams for Phase-change

Process

Figure: P-v diagram of a substance that contracts on freezing

(extending the diagrams to include the solid phase)

Thermodynamics I

Lecture 2

Dr. P.Q.Gauthier

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Property Diagrams for Phase-change

Process

Figure: P-T diagram of a pure substance

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Property Diagrams for Phase-change

Process

Figure: P-v-T surface of a substance that contracts on freezing

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Lecture 2

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