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HEREDITY
&
VARIATION

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CELL DIVISION

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MITOSIS
MEIOSIS

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HEREDITY: The passing down of

characteristics or traits from
parents to offspring
Chromosome : exist in
threadlike structure, carry the
DNA genetic information.
GENES: As an units of
inheritance that determine the
characteristics of an individual.

CELL DIVISION
MITOSIS

MEIOSI
S

- Is a type of cell
division that a cell
divides into two
identical cells

- Is a type of cell
division which
produces gametes
for reproduction
- Involve two
division: Meiosis I
and Meiosis II
Examples:
formation of
gametes in
(testes,
ovaries)

Examples:
somatic cell,
root tips,
shoot tips

Mitosis
Process whereby a cell divides into 2 identical cells each carrying exactly
the same number of chromosome and genetic information from parents.
1 division of nucleus and 1 division of cytoplasm = 2 identical daughter cell.
carried out by somatic cell (body cell) animal.
Importance of mitosis :
a) to replace the old or dead cells
b) to increase the number of cell growth, healing wound.
c) produce new cell.

MITOSIS
Four chromosome
each of them
replicate to form 2
chromatids

Finally 2
daugther
cells formed
each are
identical to
the parent
cell.

The nuclear
membrane and
nucleolus start to
breakdown.

The
chroma
tid
arrang
e
Centriol move to
themse
the opposite site
lves at
and start to
the
forming spindle
middle
fibre.
of
The spindle
spindle
fibre
The sister
fibre.
disappear. A
chromatid
nuclear
separate and
membrane
move to the
form each
opposite
chromosome.
pole. The
chromatid
The
are now
cytoplasm
called

MEIOSIS I

MEIOSIS II

Meiosis
I

Meiosis
II

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN MITOSIS &

MEIOSIS
Both involve the division of
nucleus and cytoplasm
Both involve the replication of
chromosomes
Both ensure the survival of
living organisms and the
passing down of genetic
materials from parent to the
offspring

MITOSIS
WHERE IT OCCURS
NUMBER OF
NUCLEOUS DIVIDE
NUMBER OF
DAUGHTER CELLS
PRODUCED

Somatic cells, root tips and

shoot tips
Once

MEIOSIS
In reproductive cell
(ovaries and testes)
Twice

D
I
F
F

Two

Four

Same as the parental cell

Different from the parental

Same as parental cell

(diploid)

Half the number of that

parental cell (haploid)

CROSSING OVER

No crossing over

Yes, in meiosis I

VARIATION

No variation

Result in variation

GENETIC CONTENT OF
DAUGHTER CELLS
NUMBER OF
CHROMOSOMES

IMPORTANCE

Produces new cell to

replace old. For growth
result in the increasing
in size, height and
length.

Produces gametes for

sexual reproduction,
ensures that the
chromosomes number
of a species is
maintained.

C
E
S

IMPROTANCE
MITOS
IS
To replace old, worn
out or dead cells
To increase the number
of cells to bring about
the growth, increase in
length and size as well
as for the healing of
wounds
To produce new cells
associated with
reproduction such as
reproduction of yeast
and Amoeba

MEIOS
IS
It results in the
formation of
gametes for sexual
reproduction
It maintains the
number of
chromosomes in an
organism
It gives rise to
variation

QUESTIONS
1) In the testes, the process which occurs to
produce the male gametes is
A Spore
formation
B

Mitosis

Meiosis

D
Regeneration

QUESTIONS
2) The exchange of generic materials
between chromatids occurs during
A

Mitosis

Meiosis I

C Meiosis II
D Fertilisation

QUESTIONS
3) The following stages occur during mitosis:
K - chromosomes arrange in the
middle of the spindle fibres
L - chromosomes replicate
M -polarisation occurs with the
chromatids moving towards opposite
poles
N - the cytoplasm divides into two

K-L-M-N

C M-L-K-N

B L-K-M-N

D N-M-L-K

QUESTIONS
4) Homologous chromosomes are
A harmful
mutation
B
C

evidence of cell
division
only found in human
cells
D matching pairs of
chromosomes

QUESTIONS
5) Meiosis does not involve in the
A Formation of
spindle fibres
B
C

Separation of homologous
chromosomes
Production of four genetically
similar cells

D Crossing over between chromatids of a

homologous pair

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