Digital Signal

Processing
EEE & ECE Department
BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad campus

August 9, 2016

Digital Signal Processing

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Digital Signal Processing

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Digital Signal Processing

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Digital Signal Processing

Ideal Low pass Prototype

analog filter

In practice such a filter is impossible to realize,

we seek reasonable approximations of this filter
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Digital Signal Processing

Types of filters based on frequency

selection

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Digital Signal Processing

Low pass filter specifications (Practical)

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Digital Signal Processing

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Digital Signal Processing

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Digital Signal Processing

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Gain in dB

G
G 10log
10logH
Haa jj
in
in dB
dB
22

G
G 220log
0logH
Haa jj
in
in dB
dB
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Loss in dB

Loss
Loss 10log
10logH
Haa jj
in
in dB
dB
22

Loss
Loss 220log
0logH
Haa jj
in
in dB
dB
Loss in dB equals negative of dB gain
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Butterworth
H
Haa jj

11

22

11
22NN

cc

H
Haa jj

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11

11

cc

Digital Signal Processing

22NN

20

Gain in dB

10
10log
logH
Haa jj
10
10log
log

11

22

11

cc

22NN

20
20log
logH
Haa jj
20
20log
log

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11

11

Digital Signal Processing

cc

22NN

21

Butterworth

Case (i)
00

H
Haa jj
11

Express in dB
20
20log
logH
Haa jj
20
20log
log1100 dB
dB

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Digital Signal Processing

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Butterworth
Case (ii)

cc

11
H
Haa jj

22

Express in dB
11
20
33..010
20log
logH
Haa jj
20
20log
log
010 dB
dB 33dB
dB
22

Irrespective of order (N)

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Butterworth
Case (iii)

HHaa jj

cc((for
forsimplicity
simplicityassume
assume

))

11

11

cc

22NN

H
Haa jj

cc

NN

Express in dB
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Butterworth
20
20log
logHHaa jj
20
20log
log

11

11

20
20log
logHHaa jj
20
20log
log

22NN

cc

NN

20
20log
logHHaa jj
20
20NNlog
log

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Digital Signal Processing

cc
25

Butterworth

If
If
10
10
cc

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Butterworth

20
20log
logHHaa jj
20
20NNlog
log

cc

20
20log
log H
Haa jj
20
20N
N dB
dB// decade
decade
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Butterworth

IfIf
22
cc

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Butterworth

20
20log
logHHaa jj
20
20NNlog
log

cc

20
20log
log H
Haa jj
66N
N dB
dB//octave
octave

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(1) (i) Obtain the expression for the

order (N) of the filter

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(ii) Express in terms of k1 and k

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Problem
(1a)

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Solution

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Problem
(1b)
For N = 4, obtain the cut-off
frequency

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Problem

(2) Determine the lowest order of a

lowpass
Butterworth filter with a 0.5 dB
passband
frequency at 1.5 kHz and
minimum attenuation
of 60 dB at 6.1 kHz.

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Butterworth
Polynomial
H
Haa jj

11

22

11
22NN

cc

Finding the
poles
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HHa jj

a

11

22

11
22NN
jj

jj
cc

HHaa jj

11

22

11
22NN
ss

jj
cc

HHaa jj

22

11

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11
ss

22

cc
22

Digital Signal Processing

NN

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Butterworth
Polynomial

Finding the
poles

ss
11 2
cc2

22

NN

00

ss
22
cc

22

NN

11

ss
22
cc

22

August 9, 2016

NN

eej (j (22kk11)),, kk 11
NN

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 ss22
j (j (22kk11)
)/ /NN

e
22 e
cc

22 j (j (22kk11)
)/ /NN
ss22
e
cc e

22 j (j (22kk11)
)/ /NN
ss22 jj22
e
cc e

j (j (22kk11))/ /22NN
ssjj
e
cc e
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Butterworth
Polynomial
j(2k
j(2k-1)
-1)
22NN

ss jj
ccee

ss
((22kk 11))
((22kk 11))
jj cos
jjsin

cos
sin

22NN
22NN

cc

kk 11
N
N
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ss
((22kk 11))
((22kk 11))
sin
jjcos

sin
cos

22NN
22NN

cc

N
N 11,,and
and hence
hence kk 11
ss
11

cc
August 9, 2016

11
H
Haa((ss)) s
s 1
1

cc

Digital Signal Processing

cc
H
Haa((ss))
ss
cc
51

N=2 , find the transfer

function
N=3 , find the transfer
function

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Butterworth
Polynomial
If
If N
Nis
is odd,
odd,
H
Haa((ss))

August 9, 2016

sscc

NN11 //22

NN
cc

ss aakk

ccss
k 1
k 1

22

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22
cc

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Butterworth
Polynomial

If
If N
Nis
is even,
even,

NN
cc

H
Haa((ss)) NN//22
22
22

ss aakk

ccss
cc
k 1

k 1

where,
where, aakk
August 9, 2016

2k
--11

2k
2sin
2sin

Digital Signal Processing

22N
N

54

Butterworth
Polynomial
N = 4, find the transfer
function and Butterworth
Polynomial, take c = 1
N = 5, find the transfer
function and Butterworth
Polynomial
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Butterworth Polynomial
Table

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Butterworth
Polynomial
Proble
m

(1) (i) Determine the lowest order of

a lowpass
Butterworth filter with p = 2 dB,
s = 10 dB
at frequencies 20 rad/s and 30
rad/s
respectively. (ii) Find its transfer
function and
Processing
August 9, 2016
(iii) locate Digital
itsSignal
poles
in the s57

Answer
s:
2 = 0.584893

A = 3.1623

N = 3.3715 4

August 9, 2016

c = 21.386782

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General Transfer
Function

If
If N
Nis
is even,
even,

NN
cc

H
Haa((ss)) NN//22
22
22

ss aakk

ccss
cc
k 1

k 1

where,
where, aakk
August 9, 2016

2k
--11

2k
2sin
2sin

Digital Signal Processing

22N
N

59

c = 21.386782

a1 = 0.7654

c2 = 457.4

a2 = 1.84776

c4 = 209209.68

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209209
..68
209209
68
H
(
s
)

Haa ( s ) 22
22
ss 16
.
3694
s

457
.
4
s
16.3694 s 457.4 s 39
39..52
52ss457
457..44

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