RURAL ROADS IN INDIA

GUIDELINES &
COLD MIX TECHNOLOGY

RURAL ROADS

Total length of rural roads in India is over 31,59,639 km which is about 60% of
the total road network in the country.
Serves to connect all the rural habitations with the state highways and national
highways.
Rural roads are tertiary system of roads in the total network which include Other
District Roads (ODRs) and Village Roads (VRs).
Since 1951 (2,04,061 km), Rural Road Network been growing at a rapid pace.
With a CAGR of 4.57% Rural roads are the fastest growing road network in India.

NEED FOR RURAL ROADS

India has over 6 Lakh villages located

across different terrains and less than 40%
of them have access to all-weather roads.
Rural habitations require basic
infrastructure for its development.
Roads serve as the connecting link for the
socio-economic development of these areas.
These roads provide employment
opportunities and basic necessities like
health, education, etc.

Pradhan Mantri Gram

Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

Launched by the Government of India in 2000 and implemented by National Rural

Roads Development Agency (NRRDA).
Aims to connect 1,78,000 rural habitations across the country.
Aims at constructing 3,75,000 km of all-weather roads.
Up gradation of 3,72,000 km of existing rural roads (in poor conditions).
Is funded by the Central Road Fund (CRF) borrowing from multi-lateral agencies.
An expenditure of about Rs. 1,330 Billion is expected from the program.
The World Bank through its Country Assistance Strategies has committed a series of
loans/credits to support the PMGSY.

OBJECTIVES OF PMGSY

The primary objective of the Program is to provide connectivity to unconnected

habitations in rural areas by means of All-Weather roads.
Provide compulsory connectivity to all the rural areas with a population of more than
1000 within three years and 1000-500 by the end of the 10th Five-Year Plan.
In Hilly States and Desert areas the program aims to connect all the habitations with a
population of 250 and above.

ALL WEATHER ROADS?

Defined by IRC: Roads which are negotiable during all weather, except river
crossings. Implying that the roads are effectively drained through adequate cross
drainage structures, such as, culverts, minor bridges and cause ways.
The pavement should be negotiable during all-weather conditions.

RURAL ROADS MANUAL

[IRC:SP:20-2002]

DESIGN OF RURAL ROADS

PAVEMENT DESIGN
Factors that affect Pavement Design:
Initial construction cost.
Availability of good materials locally.
Rainfall and Temperature.
Technology of Construction required
and its availability.
Design Parameters are:
General: Maximum CBR is 20% and
Maximum CVPD is taken as 450.
Traffic: Average traffic growth rate is
taken as 6% .
Design Life: Minimum design life is
taken as 10 years.
The table shows the type of surfacing
as per the quantity of rainfall (in mm)
and type of traffic.

PAVEMENT MATERIALS
Sub Grade Layer:
Coarse Material should not exceed
75mm in embankment and 50mm for
subgrade.
Embankment should be up to 3mtrs high
for areas not subjected to flood.
Above 3mtrs for areas subjected to
floods.
GSB (Granulated Sub-Base):
The materials used for shall be natural
sand, moorum, gravel, crushed stones,
crushed slag, granulated slag, crushed
concrete, brick metal and kankar.

Base Layer:
Size of the Coarse aggregate
depends upon the thickness of the
WBM layer.

Screening Material

Bituminous Layer:
Contains a Tack Coat followed by
a surface layer and finally a seal
coat.

COLD MIX TECHNOLOGY

BITUMEN EMULSION

Bitumen Emulsion was developed for the first time in 1900s and its application for
pavement was started in 1920s.
First time used in 1970s in India.
Indias consumption of Bitumen Emulsion was only 20,000 tonnes in 1996, as
compared to worlds consumption of 12 million tonnes.

How is it Manufactured?

Bitumen Emulsion is a two-phase system consisting

of Bitumen, water and one or more additives which
assists in the formation, stabilization and in
modifying its properties.
Bitumen emulsion is manufactured by continuous
process using colloidal mill, which mixes all the
materials at very high speed of 1000-6000 rpm.

MERITS AND DEMERITS OF THE

TECHNOLOGY
Advantages:
Cold Mix Asphalt can be used at any weather conditions except rainy day.
The laying temperature is low as compared to Hot Mix Asphalt (40 degrees>), but should
not be bellow 8 degrees.
It can be used with damp aggregates.
It contains anti-stripping agent and reduces water damage, making it beneficial to use in
heavy rainfall and snowfall areas.
High shelf and storage life. Can be used at on-site preparation of mix.
Disadvantages
The road quality is not strong enough to handle high density traffic, thus restricting its
use to rural roads.
Cold Mix is stiffer than Hot Mix and thus, is not as workable enough.
Proper paver operation is very critical for obtaining a uniform and smooth mat .

Hot Mix Technology

Cold Mix Technology

High Level of Noise and

Air pollution.
Emission of Greenhouse
Gases.
Compromising with the
quality of Bitumen due to
aging during heating.
High Energy
Consumption.
Unsafe for Maintenance
crew.

It controls air pollution.

Heating of Binder and
Aggregates is eliminated.
The thermal oxidative
hardening of Bitumen is
checked, thus increasing the
service life of the pavement.
It is energy efficient and
save Bitumen.
Ease in Handling and laying
of road surface, thus
increasing work output.

SUMMARY

Rural Roads are the basic infrastructure required for the socio-economic development
of the Rural Areas in India.
India has over 6 lakhs rural habitations and the GoI intends to connect all these
habitations with the help of all-weather roads, through the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak
Yojana (PMGSY).
Under the PMGSY the government aims to connect all the habitations with over 500
people, in plain areas, and over 250 people, in the hilly and desert areas.
The IRC has special design and development guidelines, manual for the construction
of Rural Roads in India, which includes all the guidelines of any other rural
development programs in India.
Cold Mix technology has emerged as a energy efficient solution for the existing Hot
Mix Technology.
It is safe, environment friendly and easy to use in all the climatic conditions, except
rainy seasons.

THANK YOU!