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MIGRATION
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
Primary Migration
Expulsion from the Source Rock
Expulsion from
the Source Rock
The relationship
between
Production Index
and
Transformation
Ratio
PI=S1(measured)/S1(orig)+S2(orig)
TR = S1(original)/S1(orig)+S2(orig)
EXPULSION EFFICIENCY
Expulsion efficiency
Temperature 120-150 C strongly dependent of original richness
Minimum petroleum saturation in the source rock (about 40%) is
required before efficient expulsion take place.
Rich source rocks > 5kg/ton, TOC>1.5 very efficient 60-90% of total
petroleum generated being expelled.
Lean source rocks <5kg/ton, TOC<1.5% expulsion efficiency is
much lower most of the generated oil remain in the source rocks.
Raising Temperature cracked to gas and expulsion can be very
efficient
(Cooles, Mackenzie and Qiugley 1986)
EXPULSION EFFICIENCY
Expulsion Efficiency
as a Function of Source Rock Richness
Certain kerogens undergo
generation at earlier maturity
due to lower activation
energies.
These same kerogens can be
expected to undergo earlier
expulsion.
Richer source rocks will
accumulate greater volumes
earlier that lean source rocks
and begin to expel earlier.
EXPULSION EFFICIENCY
Variation of
expulsion
efficiencies for
oil, gas, and
condensate
with different
kerogen types
Mackenzie &
Quigley, 1988
EXPULSION EFFICIENCY
RICH SOURCE ROCKS
CONTAINING MAINLY
LABILE KEROGEN
EXPULSION EFFICIENCY
Lean source rocks
Expulsion efficiency
Lean
Initial Condition
T=120-150 C
Oil window
T >150 C
Gas window
rich
EXPULSION EFFICIENCY
MIGRATION
MIGRATION
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
SECONDARY MIGRATION CONCENTRATES SUBSURFACE PETROLEUM
INTO SPECIFIC SITES (TRAPS) WHERE IT MAY BE COMMERCIALLY
EXTRATED.
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
KNOWLEDGE OF THE MECHANIC OF SECONDARY MIGRATION IS IMPORTANT IN
THE GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF ACTIVE CHARGE SYSTEM, SPECIALLY IN:
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
BUYANCY AS DRIVING FORCE IN
SCONDARY MIGRATION .
BUOYANCY IS THE PRESSURE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A POINT IN
THE PETROLEUM COLOUMN AND
THE SURROUNDING PORE WATER.
IT IS A FUNCTION OF A PETROLEUMWATER DENSITY DIFFERENCE AND
THE HEIGHT OF THE PETROLEUM
COLOUMN.
A LARGE BUOYANCY PRESSURE
MAY DEVELOP AT THE TOPS OF
LARGE, LOW DENSITY (GAS)
PETROLEUM COLOUMNS.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS AT
POINT TROUGHOUT THE
ETROLEUM COLOUMN DEFINE A
PETROLEUM PRESSURE GRADIENT
THIS INTERSECT THE HYDROSTATIC
GRADIENT AT THE PETROLEUMWATER CONTACT.
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
SECONDARY MIGRATION
HYDROSTATIC CONDITION
BUOYANCY IS THE ONLY DRIVING FORCE
HYDRODYNAMIC CONDITION
1. COULD INHIBIT OR ASSIST SECONDARY MIGRATION
2. AFFECTING THE DIRECTION AND RATE OF MIGRATION
3. INCREASING OR DECREASING THE DRIVING PRESSURES
AGAINST VERTICAL OR LATERAL SEALS
4. TILTING PETROLEUM WATER CONTACTS AND DISPLACING
PETROLEUM ACCUMULATION (OFF THE CREST OF STRUCTURAL
CLOSURE
BUOYANCY
FORCE
POTENSIAL PLANE
HYDRODYNAMIC
FORCE
HYDRODINAMIC
FLOW
HYDRODINAMIC TRAP
TILTING HC CONTACT
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
RESTRICTING FORCE IN SECONDARY MIGRATION
CAPILLARY PRESSURE
DISPLACEMENT PRESSURE
INJECTION PRESSURE
FUNCTION OF THE SIZE (RADIUS) OF PORE THROAT
INTERFACIAL SURFACE TENSION BETWEEN THE WATER AND PETROLEUM AND
WETTABILITY OF THE PETROLEUM-WATER-ROCK SYSTEM
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
RESISTANT FORCE IN
SECONDARY HYDROCARBON
MIGRATION.
HIGHER PRESSURE ARE
NEEDED TO FORCE
PETROLEUM GLOBULES
TROUGH SMALLER PORES
(AFTER PURCELL 1949 IN
SCHOWALTER 1976)
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
INTERFACIAL TENSION
DEPENDS ON THE PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM AND WATER, AND
IS INDEPENDENT OF THE ROCK CHARACTERISTIC
FUNCTION PRIMARY OF THE PETROLEUM COMPOSITION AND
TEMPERATUREDECREASES WITH INCREASING TEMPERATURE
GAS-WATER INTERFACIAL TENSIONS ARE GENERALLY HIGHER
THAN THOSE FOR OIL WATER
FOR THE SAME ROCK DISPLACEMENT PRESSURE
FOR GAS > FOR OIL
THE BUOYANCY PRESSURES ARE NORMALLY GREATER FOR GAS.
WETTABILITY IS FUNCTION OF THE PETROLEUM WATER AND ROCK
MOST ROCK SURFACES ARE WATER WET
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
PORE SIZES ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT
ON SECONDARY MIGRATION AND
ENTRAPMENT
PORE SIZES CAN BE ESTIMATED
THIN SECTION
SEM
DISPLACEMENT PRESSUREMICP
Idealized sandstone porosity system showing four basic pore types: intergranular,
microporosity, dissolution, and fracture.
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
CAPILLARY PRESSURE =21/Rt1/Rb)
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
Critical petroleum height = Ypc
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
MIGRATION PATHWAYS
DRIVING FORCE BUOYANCY
PETROLEUM MIGRATION DIRECTION STEEPEST SLOPE
PEPENDICULAR TO STRUCTURAL CONTOURS OR TRUE DIP DIRECTION
LINE DRAWN AT RIGHT ANGLES TO STRUCTURAL CONTOURS OF THE
TOP CARRIER BED/BASE SEAL HORIZON ORTHO CONTOURS
ORTHOCONTOUR MAP ILLUSTRATE HYDROCARBONS MIGRATION
PATHWAYS FROM ITS KITCHEN AREA
ILLUSTRATE FOCUSING AND DE-FOCUSING EFFECTS OF STRUCTURAL
FEATURES IN PROSPECT DRAINAGE AREA
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
MIGRATION PATHWAYS
LATERAL MIGRATION
SHORT DISTANCE
LONG DISTANCE
LONG DISTANCE MIGRATION PROSPECT S REMOTE FROM
AREA OF MATURE SOURCE ROCKS (KITCHENS AREA )
THE STRUCTURAL EFFECTS MAY STRONGLY INFLUENCE THE
PATTERN OF HYDROCARBON CHARGE
PETROLEUM FLOW CAN BE SPLIT WHEN ENCOUNTERING A LOW
AND CONCENTRATED ALONG REGIONAL HIGH
GEOMETRY OF THE KITCHEN EFFECT PETROLEUM CHARGE
VOLUMES
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
MIGRATION PATHWAYS
ORTHOCONTOURS ARE CONSTRUCTED FOR THE ACTUAL
TIME OF SECONDARY MIGRATION.
PRESENT DAY STRUCTURE MAPS MAY BE USED TO MODEL
PRESENT DAY MIGRATION.
ISOPACHING (3-D DECOMPACTION) CAN BE USED TO
PRODUCE PALEOSTRUCTURE MAP AND USED TO
MODEL PALEO MIGRATION
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
OTHER FACTORS:
SEALING FAULT ; MAY DEFLECT PETROLEUM FLOW LATERALLY.
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
SECONDARY MIGRATION LOSSES
TWO DISTINCT HABITATS:
MINIATUR TRAPSDEAD ENDS ALONG THE MIGRATION ROUTE
PRODUCED BY FAULTED AND DIP CLOSED GEOMETRIES AND
STRATIGRAPHIC CHANGES. TRAP COULD BE OBSERVABLE
BUT NO COMMERCIAL
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
SHEARWAT
CMP=2D;TH=THF;MAT=LL
TI=2;KEXP=Sat;PRM=PL
X-Section 1
DI=1000
8824000
0
MINOTAUR-1ST2
_user_well_5
8800000
BASILISK-1
WALLAROO-1ST
-1000
NABARLEK-1
FOHN-1ST
_user_well_0
-2000
_user_well_2
8750000
Elevation (m)
Y (m)
_user_well_1
_user_well_3
DARWINIA-1
_user_well_4
-3000
JACARANDA-1
_user_well_7
-4000
8700000
CURLEW-1-1
X-Section 1'
SCHILLING-1
-5000
8670000
274000
280000
300000
320000
340000
X (m)
360000
380000
398000
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