HEAT TREATMENT OF

PRESSURE VESSELS

HEAT TREATMENT
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS &
ALLOYS DEPEND ON

CHEMISTRY (ALLOYING ELEMENTS)

&
HEAT TREATMENT

WHAT IS HEAT TREATMENT?

MATERIALS TREATED BY APPLICATION OF
HEAT - NORMALLY DONE IN SOLID STATE
HEATING BY VARIOUS SOURCES
HEATING IN A FURNACE Oil, Gas, Electrical
HEATING OUT SIDE WITH ELECTRIC HEATING
COILS ARROUND THE JOB Local Heat treatment
PASSING HOT AIR INSIDE A CLOSSED VESSEL
Internal firing

HEAT TREATMENT
HEAT TEATMENT PARAMETERS
RATE OF HEATING
SOAKING TEMP.
SOAKING TIME
COOLING RATE
COOLING MEDIA

WHY HT REQUIRED ?
TO BRING THE PROPERTIES TO THE
DESIRED RANGE
Strength, UTS, YS & Elongation
Toughness
Hardness
CARRIED OUT IN
FABRICATION INDUSTRIES- Fabricated Components
STEEL PLANTS Plates, Pipes, Tubes, Sections
FOUNDRY SHOPS - Castings
FORGING SHOPS Forged Components
5

MATERIALS HEAT TREATED

METALS & ALLOYS
SINGLE PHASE
MULTIPHASE

ALLOYS
Single Phase : Copper Nickel
Multiphase : Steels

METALS (Single phase )

Titanium
6

HEAT TREATEMENT
CRITERIA
COLD WORKED to NORMAL
All materials

UNEQUILIBRIUM PHASES to
EQUILIBRIUM
Stainless Steels ,Maraging Steels

STRESSED to UNSTRESED
All Materials

MATERIALS HEAT TREATED

CS
C-Mn , C-Mo , Cr-Mo , Cr-Mo-V, Ni -Steels
Stainless Steels
Non Ferrous Materials

TYPES OF HEAT TREATMENT

NORMALIZING
ANNEALING
STRESS RELIEVING
SOLUTION ANNEALING
HARDENING
TEMPERING
AGEING
9

IRON CARBON DIAGRAM

10

NORMALIZING
The steel is heated to 40 C above the upper
critical temperature followed by cooling in the
still air.
To achieve
Uniform structure
Change in Mechanical properties,
UTS, YS & Elongation
Hardness
Impact properties

Refined grains

11

ANNEALING
Steel is heated 10 to 50C above the upper
critical temperature and held for the desired
length of time followed by very slow cooling
within the furnace
To achieve:

Softness & better ductility

Stresses free material Stress generated due to
mechanical working / previous HT

Uniform property through out the material

12

SOLUTION ANNEALING
Austenitic Stainless steels is heated to above
1050C and held for the desired time followed
by fast cooling to room temperature within few
minutes by quenching / blowing the air.
Solution annealing is done on stainless steel and
non ferrous alloys
To soften the material
To remove carbide precipitation formed at grain
boundaries during manufacturing process ( SS )
13
To improve Corrosion Resistance

AGEING
The Material is heated to a certain temperature,
and held for the desired time; followed by
quenching or cooling in air
Ageing is done on materials susceptible for
ageing characteristics : Maraging Steels
Normally increases strength
Improves Toughness
14

AGEING
Maraging Steels
M250

Temperature : 485 C
Normally 3 Hrs 15 mts
Heating Rate : 200 C per hr per inch thick
Cooling Rate : Cool in Air / Quench in water
15

STRESS RELIEVING
The steel is heated to a temperature below close to the
lower critical temperature with a specific rate of heating.
It is held at the temperature for a desired length of time,
followed by cooling with a specific rate up to certain
temperature.
There is no change in grain structure.
Stress relieving is done Fabricated Components of CS
& LAS:
To reduce Internal Stresses
To soften the steel partially
To soften HAZ
16

STRESS RELIEVING
C-Mn , C-Mo , Cr-Mo (< 2% Cr)
C - Mn Steels , C - Mo Steels, Cr-Mo Steels
SA 515Gr 70 , SA204GrA, SA387GR11,CL1

Temperature : 593 C Min

Normally 600 - 640 C, 650-690 C

Time : 15 minutes min ( 1 hr / inch thick)

Heating Rate : 200 C per hr per inch thick
Cooling Rate : 260 C per hr per inch thick
17

STRESS RELIEVING
Cr-Mo Steels
Cr - Mo Steels (Cr >2%)
SA 335P22 ,SA335P5

Temperature : 676 C Min

Normally 680 - 700 C 2.25Cr

704 - 720 C 5 Cr

Time : 15 mts min (1 hr / inch thick)

Heating Rate : 200 C per hr per inch thick
Cooling Rate : 260 C per hr per inch thick
18

STRESS RELIEVING
Ni -Steels
Nickel Steels : 1,2,3% Ni
SA 203 GrA ,D

Temperature : 593 C Min

Normally 600 - 640 C,

Time : 60 mts min (1 hr / inch thick)

Heating Rate : 200 C per hr per inch thick
Cooling Rate : 260 C per hr per inch thick

19

STRESS RELIEVING
Steels enhanced by Heat Treatments
Q&T Steels :
9.5% Ni Steels , SA 517 Gr E

Temperature : 538 C Typ

Normally < 600 C

Time : Min 15 minutes to 2 Hr ( 1 hr / inch thick)

Heating Rate : 200 C per hr per inch thick
Cooling Rate : 260 C per hr per inch thick
20

LAYOUT OF A TYPICAL
FURNACE
(Electrical or Gas fired )

FURNACE

THERMOCOUPLE
COMPENSATING
CABLE

JOB

RECORDER

P.I.D.

21

THERMOCOUPLES
PRINCIPLE OF A THERMOCOUPLE
THERMOCOUPLE MATERIAL
TYPES OF THERMOCOUPLE BEING
USED IN HED POWAI / HZW
22

PRINCIPLE OF
THERMOCOUPLE
The basic principle of thermoelectric
thermometry is that a thermocouple develops
an emf which is a function of the difference in
temperature of its measuring junction &
reference junction. If the temperature of
reference junction is known, the temperature
of the measuring junction can be determined
by measuring the emf generated in the circuit.
23

THERMOCOUPLE MATERIAL
REQUIREMENT
1. High coefficient of thermal emf.
2. Continuously increasing relation of emf to temperature over
a long range.
3. Freedom from phase changes or other phenomenon giving
rise to discontinuity in temperature emf relationships.
4. Resistance to oxidation, corrosion and contamination.
5. Homogeneity and reproducibility to fit an establish
temperature & emf relationship.
SPEED OF RESPONSE MAY BE IMPROVED AND
RADIATION & CONDUCTION ERRORS MAY BE REDUCED
24
BY THE USE OF SMALL DIAMETER THERMOCOUPLES.

TYPES OF THERMOCOUPLE
BEING USED IN HZW
K type :
Material
Nickel based
Properties :

Chromel
( 10 %Cr )

Alumel

+ ( 2 % Al )

Non-Magnetic +

Magnetic

In this type of thermocouple, the wires are

joined at one end only to form a point-type
temperature sensor. Instrumentation converts
the millivolt signal to related temperature. 25

TYPES OF THERMOCOUPLE
BEING USED IN HZW .
K type :
Dia :
Insulation
coated

2.5 mm
Bare(ceramic)

0. 7 mm
Refractory

Attachment

Mech

Capacitor

Usability

Reusable

Disposable

Location

PIT F/c

except PIT F/c

Color

26

Red & Yellow

CONSTRUCTION OF A
K TYPE THERMOCOUPLE
pid
PROPORTIONAL
INTEGRAL
DERIVATIVE

Welded
junction

recorder

Compensating
cable

Accuracy : 0.75%

Thermocouple
wire

27

S TYPE THERMOCOUPLE
Accuracy : 0.25 %
S TYPE THERMOCOUPLE ARE THE STANDARD
THERMOCOUPLES.

IT IS USED FOR CALIBRATING K Type

THERMOCOUPLES.

MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION
90% PLATINUM + 10% RHODIUM
PLATINUM

OXIDATION RESISTANCE , SO MORE LIFE .

28

COMPENSATING CABLE
COMPENSATING CABLE IS DEFINED AS A PAIR OF WIRES
HAVING SUCH EMF TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS
RELATED TO THE THERMOCOUPLE WITH WHICH THE
WIRES ARE INTENDED TO BE USED, THAT WHEN
PROPERLY CONNECTED TO THERMOCOUPLE THE
EFFECTIVE REFERENCE JUNCTION IS IN EFFECT
TRANSFERRED TO THE OTHER END OF THE WIRES.
MATERIAL ==> +ve COPPER ( white )
-ve COPPER NICKEL (blue ) for K TYPE .

29

P.I.D.
PID = PROPORTIONAL INTEGRAL DERIVATIVE

PID FUNCTIONS BOTH AS PROGRAMMER AND

CONTROLLER
PID CONTROLLER CAN BE ZONE WISE
PROGRAMME IS MADE IN SEGMENTS AS PER
DIFFERENT STAGES OF HEAT TREATMENT
DIGITAL DISPLAY IS AVAILABLE FOR PROGRAMME
TEMPERATURE AND FURNACE TEMEPERATURE
TYPICAL OR REPETITIVE HEAT TREATMENT CYCLE
CAN BE STORED IN PID(PROGRAMMER)

30

RECORDER
TYPES OF RECORDER
PAPERLESS -- WITH COLOUR DISPLAY SCREEN ,HARD DISC AND FLOPPY
DRIVE. NOT USED IN HED HZW.

WITH PAPER -- CURRENTLY BEING USED IN HZW.

24 CHANNEL -- CURRENTLY BEING USED IN PFS( CHINO MAKE-- model no.I003
/Graph ET 001).

12 CHANNEL --

CURRENTLY BEING USED IN MFS1 AND HFS1

( CHINO MAKE -- model no. EH100 / Graph ET 201).
COMPENSATING CABLES ARE CONNECTED BEHIND THE RECORDER SCREEN IN
CHANNELS.
X-AXIS IS FOR TEMPERATURE (RANGE = 0 TO 1200C)
Y-AXIS IS FOR GRAPH SPEED.
VARIOUS SPEED OF GRAPHS ARE 12.5, 25, 50, 100 MM / HOUR
GENERALLY KEEP 25 MM / HOUR.
31

GRAPH PAPER
GRAPH PAPERS ARE USED FOR PLOTTING THE
FURNACE /JOB TEMPERATURE VIA THERMOCOUPLE.
THEY ARE FITTED ON THE RECORDER.
GRAPH PAPER RECOMMENDED ON RECORDER ONLY
TO BE USED
GRAPH PAPER FOR MFS1 AND HFS1 FURNACE
==> ET 201 CHINO MAKE, JAPAN
GRAPH PAPER FOR PFS FURNACE
==> ET 001 CHINO MAKE, JAPAN
THE LENGTH OF ONE BUNDLE OF GRAPH PAPER IS
GENERALLY 2000 MM.
DOTTING TYPE RECORDER INK (CHINO MAKE, JAPAN)
IS USED IN RECORDER FOR PLOTTING OF GRAPH.
USUALLY , 6 COLOURS ARE FILLED FOR PLOTTING. 32

PROCEDURE FOR EMPTY FURNACE

CALIBRATION
Calibration of PIDS ( indicator & controller )
1.

Connect the millivolt source to the temperature

indicator or controller by a compensating
cable. Care should be taken to clean the wires and
terminals thoroughly before connections are
made.
2.

The millivolt output for various temperature

ranging from 00C to 10000C in steps of 500C is fed
to the indicator / controller.

3.

After the millivolt value / temperature reading

displayed is steady, the reading of
indicator/controller shall be noted.

33

PROCEDURE FOR EMPTY FURNACE

CALIBRATION
4.

If the error in the indicated readings is more than

the specified accuracy ( +/- 10C ), then correction
to be carried out for the indicator / controller and
points 1 to 4 shall be repeated till the specified
accuracy is obtained is obtained.

Calibration of recorder
1.

Connect the millivolt source to the recorder by a

compensating cable. Care should be taken to
clean the wires and terminals thoroughly before
the connections are made.
34

PROCEDURE FOR EMPTY FURNACE

CALIBRATION
2.

The millivolt output for various temperature

ranging from 400 C to 10000C is fed to the
recorder and is allowed to plot on a graph.

3.

The graph thus obtained is reviewed for time

and temperature values. These values should
meet the accuracy requirements.

4.

If there is error in the values plotted on the

graph, then correction to be carried out for
the recorder and points 1 to 4 shall be
repeated till the specified accuracy is
obtained.

35

PROCEDURE FOR EMPTY FURNACE

CALIBRATION
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

ACCURACY

1.

20 Nos. big K-type thermocouples

+/- 0.25%

2.

10 Nos. small K-type thermocouples

+/- 0.25%

3.

Millivolt source (wahl unit )

( 1 micro volt at 1000 micro volts )

4.

Heat treatment fixture.

5.

Temperature indicators (PID)

6.

Recorder

+/- 10C

+/- on temperature scale.

+/- minutes on time scale.
36

PIT FURNACE CALIBRATION PROCEDURE

1.

Ensure that the PIDs are calibrated as mentioned above.

2.

Ensure that the recorder is calibrated as mentioned

above.

3.

Ensure that all the thermocouples used are calibrated.

4.

Ensure that the thermocouples are attached to the heat

treatment fixture as shown in sketch-I.

5.

Place the heat treatment fixture inside the furnace with

thermocouples in position.

6.

Close the furnace lid. Start the furnace and the recorder.
37

PIT FURNACE CALIBRATION PROCEDURE

7.

Set the temperature of controller to 4000C.

8.

After reaching the set temperature, it is allowed to

stabilize for half an hour.

9.

Measure and record the temperature indicated by

each of the 20 thermocouples. The temperature is to
be read through WAHL UNIT.

10.

Three sets of readings are to be taken for each

thermocouples at an interval of 10 minutes.

11.

Also record the readings indicated by each of the

thermocouples at an interval of 10 minutes.
38

PIT FURNACE CALIBRATION PROCEDURE

12.

The temperature is then raised in steps of 50 C up to

10000C. ( I. e. 4000C, 4500C, .., 9500C, 10000C. ) The
measured temperature is stabilized for 30 minutes.
PID reading are also to be recorded along with this.

13.

The allowed temperature variation with respect to the

set temperature is +/- 50C up to 8000C and +/- 100C
above 8000C.

14.

This is allowed to plot on the graph and thus

obtained for time and temperature values.

15.

Calibration of furnace is valid for 1 year.

39

STANDARD OPERATING
PRACTICES FOR LOCAL
STRESS RELIEVING

40

LOCAL STRESS RELIEVING

When
Local SR to be done only when

furnace SR not feasible

Only when certain weld joints on components to be heat
treated

HOW

Done by Electrical heating coil

DETAILS ON ENSURING PWHT TEMP. IN WELDMENT AREA

Soaking band(SB) = Widest weld width x+ t or 2 inches

whichever is less from edge of weld
Heating band width (HB)
Induction stress level
Through thickness criteria
SB + 4 rt where r = Inside radius, t = thickness
Insulation band width (IB)
Axial gradient
41
HB + 4 rt

LSR -BAND WIDTH

Soak band
X = Weld width

Lesser of 1T or 2

Inside radius

Heating band
Insulation band

42

LOCAL STRESS RELIEVING SET UP

1. Provide multitonne roller on one end of vessel during
LSR of circular seam when job is horizontal.
2. If both ends are open during LSR, provide insulation
from inside. If not possible , prevent airflow so that
temperature on inside surface do not drop down.
3. Spider/prop shall be provided in such a way that upper
portion of spider / prop is not welded with inside
surface to allow contraction/expansion of shell surface.
4. Spider/prop shall be between 200- 500mm from heating
zone.
5. Temporary attachments, provided for holding insulation,
shall be within soak band only.
6. Minimum two thermocouples shall be provided from
inside, when accessible.
43

LOCAL STRESS RELIEVING

SB+HB+IB

LSR of C/S

Spider or
prop

No Welding at top
Multitonne roller

200 to 500mm from heating band

44

GOOD ENGG. PRACTICES

FOR FURNACE CHARGES
&LSR

45

SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
1.

Minimum distance between wall of furnace and the

job shall be 600mm.

2.

Minimum distance between floor of the furnace

and lower most part of the job shall be 300mm.

3.

The distance between the flame of burner and

saddle support shall be 600mm.

4.

Minimum 90 degree saddle to be used, however

120 degree saddle is desirable.
46

SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS

burner

600mm
90

450mm

600mm

300mm(point no:2)

5. Saddle shall be arranged in such away that open

end of the vessel is maximum 450mm from saddle
support.
6. Saddle shall be located as close to spiders
(temporarily arranged to control deformation) as
possible.
47

SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS

7. Spiders shall be provided as per annexure-5

8

Saddle supports shall be selected as per annexure.-3

9. Spiders or vertical prop shall be provided at open

ends, center and below man way/nozzles above 24
10. Avoid gap between saddle support and job surface

48

SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
Zero gap
Supporting
arrangement

11. Locking/clamping of job, restricting the movement

(axial/lateral) during heat treatment shall be avoided.
12. All long nozzles projecting outside job surface shall
be supported.

49

SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
13. Checklist shall be prepared and attached with HT
request before furnace is fired as per Ann-1
14. Spot check report shall be filled by supervisor as per
Annexure-2 during job is being heat treated.
15. Moonplate support and welding inside surface
prior to release for Heat treatment as per
Annexure-4
16. General idea about thermocouple locations and its
attachments is as per Annexure-6
50

GENERAL
1. Blocking the flame of the burner is not desirable
2. Burner shall have blue flame and not yellow
3. Flame shall not directly impinge on job
4. All burners shall be fired at a time
5. Keep all job nozzles open during heat treatment
6. Above 24 nozzles / manways shall be located
towards bottom
51

GENERAL

Gasket machined surface

Temp. support
Furnace floor

7. Deoxidization agent shall be applied on all

machined and gasket faces
8. Gasket / machined face of loose assemblies
shall not be touching any object.
52

THERMOCOUPLES
1. All the thermocouples shall be
tagged with aluminum
sheet
and identification hard punched
on it.
(For PIT furnace only)

2. Minimum two thermocouples to

be attached for any charge.

53

THERMOCOUPLES

3. Minimum 8 thermocouples to be used for a charge in

HFS- I furnace if the job occupies all 8 zones
4. Maximum distance between two thermocouples for a
sample job is as shown in annexure- 6
5. PTC shall have separate thermocouple

54

THERMOCOUPLES
ATTACHMENTS
1. Use only TAU-90 capacitor Discharge Welding
machine for thermocouple connection
2.

Use WPS:999-154 R0 for attachment of

thermocouple for cs/alloy steel material

3.

Only trained person by welding engineering shall

attach thermocouple

4.

A list of qualified person shall be by Welding

Eng.
55

THERMOCOUPLES
ATTACHMENTS
5.

Clean surface prior to attachment.

6.
7.

Two wire of thermocouple shall be attached one

after another.
Gap between two wire of a thermocouple shall be

8.

max. 3.0mm
Only calibrated thermocouple shall be used.
Calibration shall be by QA.

9.

After PWHT, thermocouple area shall be ground

and DP shall be carried out.

56

THERMOCOUPLES
ATTACHMENT UNIT

57

SPECIAL NOTE
IF THE TEMPERATURE OF HEAT TREATMENT
EXCEEEDS

650-DEGREE

CENTIGRADE,

THE

MATERIAL AND SIZE OF SPIDERS AND SUPPORTS

TO BE DECIDED BY PLANNING AND APPROVED BY
DESIGN.

58

CODE EXTRACTS
FURNACE PWHT
LSR

59

REQUIREMENT OF HEAT TREATMENT

AS PER ASME-SEC VIII Div.-1
SERVICE CONDITION

(UW-2)

MATERIAL

(UG-85, UW-40,UCS-56,UAT-80,UHA-32,UNF-79)

THICKNESS

(UG-85, UW-40,UCS-56,UAT-80,UHA-32,UNF-79)

LOW TEMERATURE
OPERATION
COLD WORKING

(UCS-68)
(UG-79)

CUSTOMER SPEC.

60

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

( 1 ) The soak band shall contain the weld, heat
affected zone and a portion of base metal adjacent to the
weld being heat treated. The minimum width of this
volume is the widest width of weld plus 1T or 2 inches,
whichever is less, on each side or end of the weld. The
term T is the nominal thickness.
( 2 )
The operation of postweld heat treatment shall
be performed either by heating the vessel as a whole in
an enclosed furnace or heating the vessel in more than
one heat in a furnace, provided the overlap of the heated
sections of the vessel is at least 5 feet ( 1.5m). When this
procedure is used, the portion outside of the furnace
shall be shielded so that the temperature gradient is not
harmful. The cross section where the vessel projects
from the furnace shall not intersect a nozzle or other
61
structural discontinuity.

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

( 3 ) When the vessel is required to be postweld heat
treated, and it is not practicable to postweld heat treat the
completed vessel as a whole or in two or more heats; any
circumferential joints not provisionally heat treated may be
thereafter locally postweld heat treated by heating such
joints by any appropriate means that will assure the
required uniformity.
( 4 )
While carrying out local postweld heat treatment,
the soak band shall extend around the full circumference.
The portion outside the soak band shall be protected so
that the temperature gradient is not harmful.
( 5 ) Heating a circumferential band containing nozzles
or other welded attachments in such a manner that the
entire band shall be brought up uniformly to the required
62
temperature and held for the specified time.

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

( 6 ) Where more than one pressure vessel or more
pressure vessel part are postweld heat treated in one
furnace charge, thermocouples shall be placed on
vessels at the bottom, center, and top of the charge or in
other zones of possible temperature variation so that the
temperature indicated shall be true temperature for all
vessels or parts in those zones.
( 7 ) Postweld heat treatment, When required, shall be
done before the hydrostatic test and after any welded
repairs. A preliminary hydrostatic test to reveal leaks
prior to PWHT is permissible.
( 8 ) For pressure vessels or parts of pressure vessels
being post weld heat treated in a furnace charge, it is the
greatest weld thickness in any vessel or vessel part
which has not previously been postweld heat treated. 63

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

( 8 contd...) The nominal thickness is the total depth of
the weld exclusive of any permitted weld
reinforcement.

For groove weld, the nominal thickness is the

depth of the groove.

For fillet welds, the nominal thickness is the

throat dimension.

If a fillet weld is used in conjunction of groove

weld, the nominal thickness is the depth of the
groove or the throat dimension, Whichever is
greater.

For stud welds, the nominal thickness shall be the

diameter of the stud.
( 9 ) For P1 material ( carbon steel), minimum holding
temperature during postweld heat treatment shall
64
be 1100 Deg. F ( 593 Deg.c).

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

P. NO.

HOLDING TEMP.

1 ( CARBON
STEEL) & 3
(LOW ALLOY
STEEL)

1100 DEG. F(593

C)

NOM.
THICKNE
SS
UPTO 2

SOAKING PERIOD

OVER 2
TO 5

2 HOURS , PLUS 15 MIN.

FOR EACH ADDITIONAL
INCH ABOVE 2
2 HOURS , PLUS 15 MIN.
FOR EACH ADDITIONAL
INCH ABOVE 2

OVER 5

1 HR. PER INCH. ,

HOWEVER 15 MINUTES
MINIMUM

* POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT IS MANDATORY ON P-NO.3 GR. NO. 3

MATERIAL IN ALL THICKNESSES.

65

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

( 10 ) Postweld heat treatment is mandatory in
Following conditions :
For welded joints over 1. 5 nominal thickness.
For welded joints over 1.25 nom. Thickness
through 1.5 nom. Thickness, unless preheat is
applied at a min. Temperature of 200F ( 94c )
during welding.
Vessels or parts of vessels constructed of base
material with corrosion resistant integral or weld
metal overlay cladding or applied corrosion
resistant lining material shall be postweld heat
treated when the base material is required to be
postweld heat treated. In applying this rule, the
determining thickness shall be the total thickness
of base material.
66

When the PWHT is a service requirement.

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

SERVICE CONDITION
LETHAL SERVICE PWHT IS MANDATORY
EXEMPTIONS ARE FEW

67

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

( 11 ) Postweld heat treatment is not mandatory for carbon
steel jobs (P1 material ) in Following conditions
(UG2):

If groove welds is not over in size or fillet weld

with a throat thickness of or less used for attaching
non pressure parts to pressure parts provided preheat
to a minimum temperature of 200F is applied when the
thickness of pressure Part exceeds 1.25.

If studs are welded to pressure parts provided

preheat to a minimum temperature of 200F is applied
when the thickness of the pressure parts exceeds
1.25.

for corrosion resistant weld metal overlay

cladding or for welds attaching corrosion resistant
applied lining provided preheat to a minimum
temperature of 200f is maintained during application
68
of the first layer when the thickness of the pressure
part exceeds 1.25.

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

The temperature of furnace shall not exceed 800F

( 4270C) at the time when the vessel or part is placed in it.

Above 8000F( 4270C), the rate of heating shall not be more

than 4000F Per hour (2000C/Hour) divided by the maximum

metal thickness of the shell or head plate in inches, but in no
case more than 4000F Per hour( 2220C Per hour ).

During the heating period, There shall not be a greater

variation in temperature throughout the portion of the vessel

being heat treated than 2500F( 1390C) within any 15 feet
( 4.6m) interval of length.

69

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

During the holding period, there shall not be a

greater difference than 1500f ( 830c) between the highest and

the lowest temperature the portion of the vessel being heated
During the heating & holding periods, the furnace
atmosphere shall be so controlled as to avoid excessive
oxidation of the surface of the vessel. The furnace shall be of
such design as to prevent direct heat impingement of the
flame on the vessel.

Above 8000F ( 4270C), The rate of cooling shall not be

more than 5000F Per hour (2780C/Hour) divided by the

maximum metal thickness of the shell or head plate in inches,
0

70

but in no case more than 500 F Per hour ( 278 C Per hour).

CODE EXTRACT FOR HEAT TREATMENT

when it is impractical to postweld heat treat at the
temperature specified in table mentioned in Sr.. No. 9, It is
permissible to carry out the post weld heat treatments at
lower temperatures for longer periods of time as shown in
table below :
DECREASE IN TEMP. BELOW
MIN. SPECIFIED
TEMPERATURE IN F
50 (10C)

MINIMUM HOLDING
TIME AT DECREASED
TEMPERATURE (NOTE 1)
2 HOURS

NOTES

100(38C)

4 HOURS

----

150(68C)

10 HOURS

200(94C)

20 HOURS

----

NOTES :
1. MINIMUM HOLDING TIME FOR 1 THICKNESS OR LESS ; ADD 15 MINUTES PER INCH OF
THICKNESS FOR THICKNESS GREATER THAN 1.
2. THESE LOWER POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT TEMPERATURES PERMITTED ONLY FOR PNO.1 GROUP NO. 1 AND 2 MATERIALS.
71

72

73

74

75

SELECTION OF SPIDERS AT OPEN ENDS FOR HEAT TREATMENT

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10000

10

SHELL THICKNESS

9500
9000
8500
8000
7500
7000 ISMB 250

SHELL DIAMETER

6500

ISMB 250 BOX SEC

ISMB 250

6000
5500
5000
4500
4000
3500

ISMB 150

3000
2500
2000 ISMB 125

ISMB 150

1500
1000

100

90

80

70

60

ISMB 150
50

40

30

20

ISMB 125
10

500

SHELL THICKNESS

Annexure-5

DATA FOR ABOVE CHANNELS:

DESIGNATION WT/ MTR.(KG) WEB HT FLG WD FLG THK WEB THK
ISMB 125
13
125
75
7.6
4.4
ISMB 150
14.9
150
80
7.6
4.8
ISMB 250
37.3
250
125
12.5
6.9
ISMC 250
30.4
250
80
14.1
7.1

76

77

HT REQUEST

78

HT CHARGE

79