LABORATORY

INVESTIGATIONS

 Contents
Introduction
Tests done by dentists
Hematological
Urine Analysis
Biochemistry :Renal function tests
Tests diseases of bone
Liver function tests
Lipid Analysis
Immunological investigations
Histopathology, cytology and immunofluorescent studies Microbiology
Radiological
Conclusion
References

INTRODUCTION
Diagnosis & identification - disease by careful
investigation o
patients signs, symptoms and history
Carefully crafted history and physical
examination satisfactory diagnosis
Times when more information is required
through the use of diagnostic tests.
Clinical and/or lab data must be used to
distinguish between different diagnoses.

IMPORTANCE OF LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS

laboratory tests - important in assisting &

management
of the patient during treatment of disease besides
diagnosis.
Used1. screen - disease in asymptomatic individual
2. to establish or exclude presence of diseases in
symptomatic patients
3. assist the practitioner in the management of the
patient.

IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF A LABORATORY TEST

Accuracy
Cost
Interfering factors
Precision
Reference range
Sensitivity
Specificity
Sensitivity:
probability that the
test says a person
has the disease
when in fact they
do have the
disease

Specificity:
probability that the
test says a person
does not have the
disease when in
fact they are
disease free

TESTS ADVISED BY DENTISTS

Acc. Sonis, Fazio & Fang Am

 Depending upon the specimens

submitted
1. Hematological
2. Biochemical
3. Immunological
4. Histopathological histological &
lmmunofluorescent
5. Microbial
6. Radiologica

Depending upon the organs involved

Heart
Vascular system
Respiratory system
GIT
Liver, gallbladder & pancrea
Kidney & genitourinary
Female genital
Breast
diseases

Skin
Eye
Bones & joints
Skeletal muscle
CVS
Mental illness
Endocrine system
Infectious
Immunological

diseases

Laboratory investigation
Biochemistry:
Urine analysis
Salivary chemistry
Histopathology, cytology,
Immunofluorescent studies
Serology & immunohistochemistry
Radiology

BLOOD CHEMISTRY TESTS

A. Estimation of electrolytes
B. Renal function
C. Liver function
D. Thyroid Function
E. Metabolic bone disease
Other tests.

A. Estimation of electrolytes
Maintain fluid levels inside & outside cells
Osmotic gradient nerve condtn. Muscle
func,hydration maintaining Ph levels
1. SODIUM:
Loss of sodium results extracellular fluid volume
Circulation, renal function, and central nervous
system
function.
Normal: 136-145 m Eq/I

2. Chloride
Normal : 95 to 108 mEq/1.
Important - maintenance of acid -base balance
Increased
Decreased
Renal insufficiency
Congestive heart failure
Nephrosis
Gastrointestinal disease,
Renal tubular acidosis
Hyperparathyroidism
Dehydration

chronic renal failure,

diabetes ketoacidosis,