Insulin

What is insulin ?

Insulin is a hormone secreted by

pancreas and released to the
target tissues/organs (Liver ,
muscles and adipose tissues).
Insulin decreases blood glucose
level and promotes conversion of
glucose to glycogen.

Effect of deficiency
of insulin : Diabetes
mellitus

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetesmellitusisaconditioninwhichth
e
pancreasnolongerproducesenoughinsuli
nor cellsstoprespondingtothe
insulinthatis
produced,sothatglucoseinthebloodcan
notbe absorbedintothecellsofthebody.
high blood glucose level sugar is excreted
via urine (sweet urine)
Insulin is under secretion.

Ptosis

periodoutitis

Diabetic retinopathy

There are 2 types of diabetes

mellitus :
TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS

TypeIdiabetes(juvenilediab
etes) is an autoimmune
disease. Our body has its
own immune system to
attack outside invaders. With
this disease, the bodys auto
immune system attacks and
destroys the beta cells in the
pancreas which secreted the
insulin. When left untreated,
the amount of insulin
produced will dangerously
decrease and the blood
glucose level become high.-

TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

TypeII,sometimescalledageonsetoradultonsetdiabetes.Diabetes is a problem
with your body that causes blood
glucose (sugar) levels to rise higher
than normal. This is also called
hyperglycemia. Type 2 diabetes is the
most common form of diabetes.
The body does not use insulin
properly. This is called insulin
resistance. At first, your pancreas
makes extra insulin to make up for it.
But, over time it isn't able to keep up
and can't make enough insulin to
keep your blood glucose at normal
levels.

Symptom and
characteristic of
Diabetes mellitus

Symptom of Diabetes mellitus

polyuria

polyphagia

polydipsia

Extra information

BrittlediabeticsareasubgroupofTypeIwhere
patientshavefrequentandrapidswingsofbloo
dsugarlevelsbetween hyperglycemia
(aconditionwherethereistoomuch
glucoseorsugarinthe blood)
andhypoglycemia(aconditionwhere
thereareabnormallylowlevelsofglucoseorsu
garintheblood).Thesepatientsmayrequire
severalinjectionsof
differenttypesofinsulinduringthedaytokeep
thebloodsugarlevelwithinafairlynormalrang
e

Anotherformofdiabetescalled
gestational diabetescandevelopduring
pregnancyandgenerallyresolvesafterthe
babyisdelivered.Childrenof
womenwithgestationaldiabetesaremorelikel
ytobebornprematurely,havehypoglycemia,
or haveseverejaundice(Infant jaundiceis
a yellow discoloration in anewborn
baby'sskin and eyes.Infant jaundiceoccurs
because thebaby'sblood contains an excess
of bilirubin (bil-ih-ROO-bin), a yellow-colored
pigment of red blood cells)at
birth.Theconditionusuallyistreatedbydiet,
however,insulininjectionsmayberequired.
Thesewomenwhohave
diabetesduringpregnancyareathigherriskfor
developingTypeIIdiabeteswithin5-10years.

Effect of over secretion of

insulin

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia, also called low blood glucose

or low blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose
drops below normal levels.
Over secretion of insulin lead to hypoglycemia.
When blood glucose begins to fall, glucagon
another hormone made by the pancreas
signals the liver to break down glycogen and
release glucose into the bloodstream. Blood
glucose will then rise toward a normal level. In
some people with hypoglycemia, this glucagon
response to hypoglycemia is impaired.

Symptom of hypoglycemia

Do you know that dogs

can detect low&high
glucose levels in
human body ?

Diabetes alert dog

Diabetes Assist Dogs are trained to monitor smells in the air for a
specific scent on the human breath that is related to rapidly
dropping or low blood sugar levels. They are then trained to alert
the person with diabetes, usually by touching them in a significant
way such as pawing or nudging them. This alerts the person to
check his or herblood sugar level. It also informs them thatthey
shouldget something to eat to prevent hypoglycemia, or their blood
sugars getting to a dangerous level. The canine partner can also be
trained to retrieve juice or glucose tabs, get an emergency phone,
or get help from another person in the house.
Diabetes Assist Dogs wear a backpack identifying them as an
assistance dog. This backpack has pockets where medical
information, a sugar source, and emergency contact information can
be stored. This provides an extra safety net in case the person with
diabetes is unable to get help in time. Anyone finding the person
unconscious or acting abnormally would know it may be a medical
emergency and know how to get help.

A person experiencing

hypoglycemia and
hyperglycemia produces a
particular scent, found on the
breath, due to chemical changes
in their body. All people produce
the same scent when they have
low blood sugar.

treatment

Treatment for diabetes mellitus

Dietary changes
Oral medications
Insulin
PatientswithTypeIdiabetesneeddailyinjectionsofinsulinto
helptheirbodiesuseglucose.Theamountand typeof
insulinrequireddependsontheheight,weight,age,food
intake,andactivityleveloftheindividualdiabeticpatient.
Some patientswithTypeIIdiabetesmayneedtouseinsulin
injectionsiftheirdiabetescannotbe
controlledwithdiet,exercise,
andoralmedication.Injectionsaregivensubcutaneously,
thatis,justundertheskin,usingasmallneedleandsyringe.
Injectionsitescanbeanywhereonthebodywherethereis
looserskin,includingtheupperarm,abdomen,orupper thigh.

Why insulin cant be taken

as a pill ?

Insulin can't be taken as a pill because

acids in the stomach destroy it before it
can enter the bloodstream.

Insulin should be
injected before or after
the meals?
Insulin should be injected 15-

30 minutes before a meal, to

cover the rise in blood glucose
levels that occurs after eating.
It has a peak action of 2-6
hours and can last for up to 8
hours.

Treatment for
hypoglycemia
Dietary changes
Oral medications