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  • Finding Spectral Patterns in Bark Beetle Infestations of The Sierra National Forest Using Landsat and AVIRIS Imagery

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    jpeterson1
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    Mariah Heck, University of Tulsa - Abstract: Under normal circumstances, the bark beetles of the Sierra Nevada conifer forests are vital to ecosystem health; by eliminating weak trees, they allow other plants to grow in the space left behind, provide homes for various animals, and enrich the soil. However, climate change is putting these ecosystems at risk: warmer winters allow bark beetles to be active and breed year- round, and the severe drought conditions currently present in California leave otherwise healthy trees unable to defend against attacks. In this study, we used Google Earth and Landsat-8 imagery of the Sierra National Forest to locate trees that had been damaged by bark beetles between the summers of 2015 and 2016. Additionally, we used an Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) image from summer of 2015 to look for a difference in the spectra of consistently healthy trees compared to spectra of trees which appeared healthy in 2015 but died in 2016. We found that healthy trees were consistently brighter across the spectrum than dying trees. Comparisons using t-tests were made between elevations, slopes, aspects, and spectral indices of a form (Band 1 - Band 2)/(Band 1 + Band 2) on our AVIRIS data. While we were unable to find any specific indices which indicate beetle kills, wavelengths in the ranges of 400-500 and 2200-2500 nanometers showed the most sensitivity when the brightness difference was scaled and removed.

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    Finding Spectral Patterns in Bark Beetle Infestations of the Sierra National Forest using Landsat and AVIRIS Imagery

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    Mariah Heck, University of Tulsa - Abstract: Under normal circumstances, the bark beetles of the Sierra Nevada conifer forests are vital to ecosystem health; by eliminating weak trees, they allow other plants to grow in the space left behind, provide homes for various animals, and enrich the soil. However, climate change is putting these ecosystems at risk: warmer winters allow bark beetles to be active and breed year- round, and the severe drought conditions currently present in California leave otherwise healthy trees unable to defend against attacks. In this study, we used Google Earth and Landsat-8 imagery of the Sierra National Forest to locate trees that had been damaged by bark beetles between the summers of 2015 and 2016. Additionally, we used an Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) image from summer of 2015 to look for a difference in the spectra of consistently healthy trees compared to spectra of trees which appeared healthy in 2015 but died in 2016. We found that healthy trees were consistently brighter across the spectrum than dying trees. Comparisons using t-tests were made between elevations, slopes, aspects, and spectral indices of a form (Band 1 - Band 2)/(Band 1 + Band 2) on our AVIRIS data. While we were unable to find any specific indices which indicate beetle kills, wavelengths in the ranges of 400-500 and 2200-2500 nanometers showed the most sensitivity when the brightness difference was scaled and removed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    265 Ansichten27 Seiten

    Finding Spectral Patterns in Bark Beetle Infestations of The Sierra National Forest Using Landsat and AVIRIS Imagery

    Hochgeladen von

    jpeterson1
    Mariah Heck, University of Tulsa - Abstract: Under normal circumstances, the bark beetles of the Sierra Nevada conifer forests are vital to ecosystem health; by eliminating weak trees, they allow other plants to grow in the space left behind, provide homes for various animals, and enrich the soil. However, climate change is putting these ecosystems at risk: warmer winters allow bark beetles to be active and breed year- round, and the severe drought conditions currently present in California leave otherwise healthy trees unable to defend against attacks. In this study, we used Google Earth and Landsat-8 imagery of the Sierra National Forest to locate trees that had been damaged by bark beetles between the summers of 2015 and 2016. Additionally, we used an Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) image from summer of 2015 to look for a difference in the spectra of consistently healthy trees compared to spectra of trees which appeared healthy in 2015 but died in 2016. We found that healthy trees were consistently brighter across the spectrum than dying trees. Comparisons using t-tests were made between elevations, slopes, aspects, and spectral indices of a form (Band 1 - Band 2)/(Band 1 + Band 2) on our AVIRIS data. While we were unable to find any specific indices which indicate beetle kills, wavelengths in the ranges of 400-500 and 2200-2500 nanometers showed the most sensitivity when the brightness difference was scaled and removed.

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    Finding spectral patterns in bark beetle

    infestations of the Sierra National Forest


    using Landsat and AVIRIS imagery

    Mariah Heck, University of Tulsa


    Dar Roberts and David Miller, UC Santa Barbara

    R
    O
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    T
    N
    U
    H
    E
    TH
    S
    E
    L
    T
    E
    E
    B
    K
    BAR FROM
    E
    C
    A
    P
    S
    R
    E
    T
    OU

    What are Bark Beetles?

    Attack conifer trees in swarms


    Lay their eggs under the bark
    Important to overall forest health

    What are Bark Beetles?

    Retrieved from: http://www.mountainpinebeetletreatment.com

    Infestation Investigation
    Pitch tubes
    Crown fading
    Piles of boring dust

    Retrieved from: http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5384837.pdf

    Infestation Investigation
    Spatial and temporal patterns
    Prediction of outbreaks

    Retrieved from: http://www.econewsvt.org/news/20-years-of-aerial-forest-monitoring

    Infestation Investigation
    Objective:
    Find a specific wavelength or spectral index which
    changes due to bark beetle infestation before the
    effects are visible.

    Beetle Hunt

    Fire

    Beetles
    NBR: Normalized Burn Ratio
    (NIR SWIR)/(NIR + SWIR)

    Beetle Hunt
    Landsat imagery
    2010-2016
    NBR over time

    Beetle Hunt

    Beetle Hunt

    Tane, Zachary. Quantifying Tree Loss in Sierra National Forest. Digital image.Earth Observatory. NASA, 20 July
    2016. Web. 30 July 2016.

    Beetle Hunt

    Landsat

    Green: Healthy 2015-2016


    Red: Appeared healthy
    2015, dead 2016

    AVIRIS
    Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer

    Average Reflectance

    Aspect

    P = 0.3067
    No Significance

    Slope

    P = 0.4256
    No Significance

    Elevation

    P = 0.0205
    Significant

    Average Reflectance

    Average Reflectance

    Average Reflectance

    Significant
    Wavelengths (nm)
    365
    375
    385
    394
    404
    414
    423
    433
    1333
    1343
    1353
    1422

    Spectral Indices
    (Band1 Band2)/(Band1 + Band2)

    Number of significant indices: 16,978 / 41,616

    Spectral Indices
    (Band1 Band2)/(Band1 + Band2)

    CHLOROPHYLL!

    WATER!

    Number of significant indices: 8,818 / 41,616

    Conclusions
    No specific wavelengths or indices related to beetle kills
    Wavelengths in the ranges of 400-500 and 2200-2500 nm
    showed the greatest sensitivity
    Additional work
    Investigate wavelengths 433 and 1422nm
    Study other areas

    References
    Meddens, Arjan J.H., Jeffrey A. Hicke, Lee A. Vierling, and Andrew T.
    Hudak. "Evaluating Methods to Detect Bark Beetle-caused Tree Mortality
    Using Single-date and Multi-date Landsat Imagery." Remote Sensing of
    Environment 132 (2013): 49-58. Web. June-July 2016.
    Meddens, Arjan J.H., and Jeffrey A. Hickey. "Spatial and Temporal Patterns of
    Landsat-based Detection of Tree Mortality Caused by a Mountain Pine Beetle
    Outbreak in Colorado, USA." Forest Ecology and Management 322 (2014):
    78-88. Web. June-July 2016.
    Smith, Sheri. Bark Beetles in California Conifers. N.p.: USDA, 2015.
    Wulder, Michael A., Caren C. Dymond, Joanne C. White, Donald G. Leckie,
    and Allan L. Carroll. "Surveying Mountain Pine Beetle Damage of Forests: A
    Review of Remote Sensing Opportunities Michael." Forest Ecology and
    Management 221.1-3 (2006): 27-41. Web.

    Acknowledgements

    Dr. Dar Roberts


    David Miller
    Andrew Heck
    Dr. Emily Schaller
    NSERC
    NASA

    Questions

    Eric Carle

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