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SANDSTON
E
The amount of
weathering depends
mainly on the distance to
the source area, the local
climate and the time it
took for the sediment to
be transported there. In
most sedimentary rocks,
mica, feldspar and less
stable minerals will have
reacted to clay minerals
like kaolinite, illite or
smectite.
Carbonates
Rock Properties
Rocks are described
by three properties:
Porosity - quantity of
pore space
Permeability- ability
of a formation to
flow
Matrix -major
constituent of the
rock
Rock Properties
Definition of Porosity
Porosity is a measure of the
void spaces in a material,
and is a fraction of the
volume of voids over the
total volume, between 01,
or as a percentage between
0100%
It is defined by the ratio:
where VV is the v of voidspace (such as fluids) and VT
is the total or bulk volume of
material, including the solid
and void components
Porosity Sandstones
The porosity of a sandstone depends on the
packing arrangement of its grains.The system can
be examined using spheres
In a Rhombohedral packing, the pore space
accounts for 26% of the total volume.
Primary porosity
The main or original porosity
system in a rock or unconfined
alluvial deposit.
Secondary porosity
A subsequent or separate porosity
system in a rock, often enhancing
overall porosity of a rock. This can
be a result of chemical leeching of
minerals or the generation of a
fracture system. This can replace
the primary porosity or coexist
with it (see dual porosity below).
Diagenesis
The environment can also involve
subsequent alterations of the rock
such as:
Chemical changes,Diagenesis is the
chemical alteration of a rock after
burial. An example is the
replacement of some of the calcium
atoms in limestone by magnesium to
form dolomite
Mechanical changes - fracturing in a
tectonically-active region.
Permeability Definition
The rate of flow of a liquid
through a formation depends
on:
The pressure drop,the
viscosity of the fluid and The
permeability.
The pressure drop is a
reservoir property.
The viscosity is a fluid
property.
The permeability is a measure
of the ease at which a fluid
can flow through a formation
Darcy Experiment
The flow of fluid of viscosity through a porous medium was first investigated in
1856 by Henri Darcy.
He related the flow of water through a unit volume of sand to the pressure
gradient across it.
In the experiment the flow rate can be changed by altering the parameters as
follows:
Darcy Law
K = permeability, in Darcies.
L = length of the section of rock, in centimetres.
Q = flow rate in centimetres / sec.
P1, P2 = pressures in bars.
A = surface area, in cm2.
= viscocity in centipoise.
PERMEABILITAS PADA
BATUAN
Relative Permeability
Types:
Primary porosity
Secondary porosity
Porosity in Clastic
rocks vs Carbonate
rocks
Relationship between
porosity and
permeability
Depositional aspects:
Composition
Sorting
Rounding
Grain size
Rounding
Packing
Diagenesis:
Dewatering
Compaction
Cementation
Porosity-depth plot for sandstones from two wells with different geothermal gradients (A) &
Cement (B) From Wilson, 1994a; courtesy SEPM
High Porosity
Low Porosity
Average 13 %
Average 7%
St Dev 2%
St Dev 1%
MEAN =0
STANDAR
DEVIASI=1
ISOPOROSITY MAP
LITOFACIES PETROPHYSICS
ARGILACEOUS GRAIN
STONE
SKELETAL
WACKESTONE
PELOIDAL
GRAINSTONE
OOID SKELETAL
GRAINSTONE
CEMENTED OOID
SKELETAL
FRACTURE PERMEABILITY VS
FRACTURE POROSITY