UMTS Optimization

UMTS Optimization
Course Content
WCDMA Features
Idle Mode Behavior (Air interface review)
Power control
Handover
Capacity management
Channel switching
3G KPIs Monitoring and analysis
HSDPA
CQI
WCDMA Radio Network Feature
Idle Mode Behavior

PLMN selection
Air interface Review
Cell Selection / Reselection
Paging
Location Update and Routing area update
System Information
What is Idle Mode?
UE in IDLE MODE has the following properties :

UE is Powered ON , while it doesn't have connection to the Radio Network
UE is synchronized with Radio Network and can read broadcast
information , Accordingly UE can access the Network.
UE is registered on the network , updating Network with its LAC ,
Accordingly reachable
Services Types in Idle Mode

Normal Service
When the UE select accepted level cell in its HPLMN
Limited Service
UE didnt find any accepted level cells at its HPLMN it selects any
accepted level cell at any other PLMN
Operator reserved services
Operator can reserve any cell for testing only and this through two
parameters cell reserved and Access classNbarred
PLMN Selection
PLMN Selection
What is it ?
And When it happens ?
What are the types of PLMN selection?
PLMN Selection is the process in which the UE decide which PLMN it should
register in
Happens when the Mobile turned on or when the mobile returned back from
limiting service
Automatic PLMN selection
Manual PLMN selection

When the mobile powered on
The mobile uses information about the last registered PLMN (Freq)
Mobile search the strongest signal cells and read its system information to
get (MCC and MNC)
If the chosen cell is accepted the mobile try to do the registration
If the last chosen PLMN not available or there is no stored info in the mobile
USIM then the mobile might select any accepted PLMN

In the automatic selection if no last register PLMN exists or available the
Mobile will select the PLMN that is available as follow
HPLMN
Each PLMN in User controlled PLMNs list in the USIM, in order of priority
Each PLMN in operator controlled PLMN list in the USIM, in order of
priority
Other PLMNs according to the high quality criteria randomly the
minimum CPICH RSCP power is 95dBm
Other PLMNs that dont fulfill high quality criteria
Initial Cell Selection Automatic Mode
Manual PLMN Selection

UE displays all the available PLMNS after carriers scanning
All the available PLMNs will appear regardless it is allowed or not
Roaming
UE will be able to obtain services from another PLMN
Same country (national roaming)
Another country (international roaming)
Every 30 minutes the UE try to reselect its home PLMN
Air Interface
TDMA TRANSMITTER
Sync.
Bits
Contro
l/
Signal
ing
Data
Error
Protectio
n
Vocod
er
Vocod
er
Vocod
er
Vocod
er
Error
Protectio
n
Error
Protectio
n
Error
Protectio
n
Error
Protectio
n
Data
Multiplex
er
Filter + RF
Modulator
WCDMA TRANSMITTER
Channelizati
on
code 1
Scrambl
ing
Code
Sync.
Bits
Channelizati
on
code 2
Contro
l/
Signal
ing
Data
Error
Protectio
n
Vocod
er
Vocod
er
Vocod
er
Error
Protectio
n
Channelizati
on
code 3
Scrambl
ing
Code
Linear
Summati
on
Error
Protectio
n
Error
Protectio
n
Channelizati
on
code N
Vocod
er
Scrambl
ing
Code
Error
Protectio
n
Scrambl
ing
Code
Filter + RF
Modulator
In all radio systems the air interface will add noise to the signal This will
produce a distortion in the received signal.
Analog Cellular
Digital Cellular
In the case of an analogue cellular system the human ear perform error
correction of this received signal and noise.
However in digital systems we do not have this case, This noise will result in
bit errors,
ologic 1 could be interpreted as a logic 0
ologic 0 could be interpreted as a logic 1.
All digital systems must have some method of overcoming these errors.
CRC for Error Detect
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) coding is used in error detection.
CRC is used to calculate Block Error Ratio (BLER).
Transmitter
Receiver
IF mismatching in chec
The is an error
Error Correction
1-Send the information a number of times

Receiver could select which message is most correct by a best out of three
decision.
The more times the data is transmitted the better is the error protection.
However the bandwidth is also increased proportionally
There are two basic types of FEC available, block or continuous codes
Block Codes (Hamming Codes, BCH Codes, Reed-Solomon Codes)
Continuous Codes (Convolutional Codes, Turbo Codes)
LOGICAL CHANNELS
1-LOGICAL CHANNELS
Logical channel types are classified into two groups:
Control channels for the transfer of control information
Traffic channels for the transfer of user information.
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Downlink channel for broadcasting system information.
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
Downlink channel that transfers paging information and is used when the
UE is in idle mode.
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Used by the UE needs to access the network.
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated control
information between UE and the network.
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
Point-to-point channel, dedicated to one UE, for transferring user
information. A DTCH can exist in the uplink and downlink.
Transport CHANNELS
2-Transport CHANNELS
Dedicated Transport Channel (DCH)
The dedicated transport channel carries all the information intended for
the given user
oService data, such as speech frames
oHigher layer control information, such as handover commands or
measurement reports from the terminal.
Common Transport Channels
oBroadcast Channel
oForward Access Channel
oPaging Channel
oRACH
oDSCH
2-Transport CHANNELS (Contd)

Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Continuous transmission of system and cell information
Forward Access Channel (FACH)
Control signaling during call setup
Packet data transmission in low rates
Paging Channel (PCH)
When the network wants to initiate communication with the
terminal.
RACH
The RACH is an uplink transport channel used to make requests to
set up a connection
DSCH
The DSCH is always associated with a downlink DCH.
Physical CHANNELS
Common Physical Channels
Dedicated Physical Channels
Downlink Indication Channels
Common Physical Channels

P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel (DL)
-Broadcasts cell information
SCH Synchronization Channel (DL)
- Fast Synch.
S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (DL)
-Carries both the Paging Channel (PCH) and the Forward Access Channel
(FACH).
P-CPICH Primary Common Pilot Channel (DL).
Aids channel estimation (handover and cell selection).
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) UL
This channel is used to carry access requests
Dedicated Physical Channels

DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DL/UL)
-Transmits user dedicated data to RBS
-Used for sending dedicated data
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DL/UL)
-Signaling and control to UEs
oTransmit Power Control (TPC) bits
Downlink Indication Channels

AICH Acquisition Indication Channel
-Acknowledges that RBS has acquired a UE Random Access attempt
PICH Page Indication Channel
Informs a UE if it should monitor the Paging Channel
Layers generate channel types

Uu interface
Control Plane
User Plan (User data)
Layer 3
RRC
RB
SRB
RLC
Logical Channels
MAC
Logical Channels
Layer 2
Transport Channels
Physical Layer
Layer 1
Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical

Channels
The different transport channels are mapped to different physical channels.
There exist physical channels to carry only information relevant to physical
layer procedures.
oSynchronization Channel (SCH)
oCommon Pilot Channel (CPICH)
oAcquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
[Are not directly visible to higher layers]
A DCH is mapped onto two physical channels.
oThe Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
oDedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
Physical Channel Layer Structure

A physical channel consists of a three-layer structure
oSuper frames,
oradio frames, and
otime slots.
oSuper frame
A Super frame has duration of 720ms and consists of 72 radio
frames. The super frame boundaries are defined by the System
Frame Number (SFN)
oRadio frame
A Radio frame is a processing unit of 10ms length, which consists of
15 time slots.
oTime slot
A Time slot is a unit that consists of 2560 chips that represent the
information symbols. The number of symbols per time slot depends
on the physical channel.
Channel mapping
Logical Channel
Common
Control Channel
(CCCH)
Broadcast Channel
(BCH)
DCCH /DTCH
Forward Access
Channel (FACH)
Paging Control
Channel (PCCH)
Broadcast Control
Channel (BCCH)
Physical Channel
Transport Channel
Paging Channel
(PCH)
RACH
Primary Common Control

Physical Channel (PCCPCH)
RBS
Secondary Common Control
Physical Channel (SCCPCH)
Physical Random Access

Channel (PRACH)
Dedicated Physical Data

Channel (DPDCH)
UE
DCH
Dedicated Physical Control

Channel (DPCCH)
DSCH
Physical Downlink Shared
Channel (PDSCH)
Physical Common Packet
Channel (PCPCH)
Frame Structure of the Dedicated Physical

Channels (DPCCH)
DPDCH
Data
DPCCH
Pilot
TPC
Slot 0
Radio Frame
TFI
Slot
14
10 ms
Radio Frame
Frame1
Frame2
Framei
720 ms
14
Frame72
Cell selection
Cell selection procedure

Squal = Qqualmeas qQualMin (For WCDMA)
Qqualmeas is CPICH Ec/No
qQualMin is minimum required Ec/No
Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas qRxlevMin (for all cells)

Qrxlevmeas is CPICH RSCP
qRxlevMin is minimum required RSCP
The cell consider as accepted if

Squal > 0 and Srxlev > 0
Cell selection procedure(Contd)

Cell selection occurs when
When UE is switched on
When UE in idle mode has had a number of failed RRC connection
request
When a UE returns to idle mode from the connection mode on common
channel (cellFACH)
UE returns to idle mode from connected mode (cellDCH)
When a UE returns to idle mode after an emergency call on any PLMN
Cell Re-selection
Cell reselection procedure

When it occurs
When cell on which it is camping is no longer suitable
When there is any neighbor with better quality than the selected one
When the UE in the limited service state on an acceptable cell
When the UE is in cell _FACH state
3G F1
3G F2
3G F1
GSM
Cell reselection procedure(Contd)

1- Intra frequency measurements starts when
Squal <= Sintrasearch
SintraSearch : Controls when intrafrequency measurements are performed

Qqualmeas qQualMin <= Sintrasearch
Qqualmeas <= Sintrasearch + qQualMin
2. Inter frequency measurements starts when
Squal <= SinterSearch
Sintersearch : Controls when intrafrequency measurements are
performed
Qqualmeas qQualMin <= SinterSearch
Qqualmeas <= SinterSearch + qQualMin

3. GSM measurements starts when
Squal <= sRatSearch
Qqualmeas <= sRatSearch + qQualMin
Qqualmeas <= sRatSearch + qQualMin
OR Srxlev <= SHcsRat
sRatSearch : Controls quality Threshold at which GSM measurements are
performed
SHcsRat : Controls Signal Strength Threshold at which GSM
measurements are performed

Qqualmeas
-14
SRAT Search=4dB
Qqualmin
-18
GSM measurement
Time

QRxlevmeas
-112
Qrxlevmin
-115
SHcsSearch=3dB
GSM measurement
Time

When the UE triggers a cell reselections procedure it starts ranking for the
cell satisfy
Scriteria (Squal > 0 and Srxlev > 0) and the ranking will be according R
criteria
R(serving)= Qmeas(s)+qHyst(s)
R(neighbor)= Qmeas(n)qOffset(s,n)
Qmeas: is the quality value of the received signal which is derived from
oCPICH Ec/No or
oCPICH RSCP
qHyst(s): hystersis value sent to mobile in system information used to delay
the reselection
oqHyst1 if the ranking based on CPICH RSCP
oqHyst2 if the ranking based on CPICH Ec/No

qOffset(s,n): is the offset between the serving and the neighbor cell also
used to shift the cell boarder
qOffset1sn : if the ranking based on RSCP.
qOffset2sn : if the ranking based on Ec/No
qualMeasQuantity is the parameter that determine if we will do the
ranking based on RSCP or Ec/No
The UE reslect the better cell if it stay better for time interval more than
Treselection

UMTS to UMTS cell
Qmeas
R(S)
Qmeas(n)
R(n) >R(S)
R(n)
qOffset2SN=o
qHyst2=4
Qmeas(S)
TreSelection
Cell Re-Selection to Neig
Time

UMTS to GSM cell Reselection
Qmeas
R(S)
Scriteria
Srxlev > 0
Srxlev > Qrxlevmeas qRxlevMin
qHyst1=4
Qmeas(n) (GSM
qoffset1SN
R(N)
qrxlevmin
+SHcsSearch
Cell Re-Selection to Neig (

Qrxlevmin
TreSelection
R(N)>R(S)
Qmeas(S)<
qrxlevmin+SHcsSearch
GSM measurements
Qmeas(S)
Time
Location Update and Routing area upda

If the LAI or RAI read on system information has been changed then the UE
tries to do RA
or LA registration Update
During the idle mode when the UE changes its location or routing area it
should do LAU or RAU
LAU and RAU managed by CN
Example :LOCATION UPDATING
1
2
2
3
4
5
RN
C
1-The UE reads from system information that the LAI is not the same as that stored in
the USIM. This triggers the UE to update the location area.
2-The UE tries to access the network and sends a request message to the RNC, via
the RBS
The RNC checks if it is possible to allocate a dedicated channel to the UE.
3- Resources in the RBS and over the Iub interface are reserved by the RNC and
are ACK by the RBS
4. Information about the new channel is sent to the UE with a setup message.
5. Synchronization is achieved between the UE and the RBS, and the UE sends a

1
2
2
3
4
5
RN
C
6
9
12
13
MS
C
VLR
8
10
11
HLR
6-The UE sends the request to update the location information to the CN.
oThis message also carries the IMSI and old LAI.
oIu signaling bearer is set up between the RNC and the CN.
oThere is now a signaling connection between the UE and the CN.
oAs this is the first time the UE accesses this service area the subscriber is
unknown in the VLR.
7-The VLR sends a request to the subscribers HLR for Authentication Information.
8- The HLR sends this information to the VLR.
9-MSC/VLR starts to authenticate the subscriber.
oThis message is transparent over WCDMA RAN.
10-After Authentication, the VLR asks the HLR to update its Location information for the
IMSI and with the
new VLR address
11- VLR receives an acknowledgement from the HLR.

Types of Updates
Periodic
oOccurs periodically after timer T3212 for LAU or T3312 for RAU
oThe value of the timer sent to the UE over BCCH in the IMSI attach or in RAU
oCN parameter.
owhen the UE is in connected mode and the timer expired then the UE wait
until enter idle mode again to perform the periodic LA
Normal
oOccurs when the UE change its LA or RA, the UE discover the changes after
comparing the new Cell RAC or LAC with the stored values in the USIM
IMSI attach and detach

IMSI attach occurs when the UE activated and the detach occurs when UE
deactivated
This function used to prevent unnecessary paging for the off UEs
IMSI attach is an optional function and it is managed by cell parameter
called ATT sent to UE over BCCH
If ATT set to 1 it means the UE should do IMSI attach and detach
Paging
Is the process through it the CN inform the UE there is a service request or
RAN inform all the
UEs that the System information has been updated
Paging occurs in the following states
Idle
URAPCH (SRB)
CellFACH (SRB and RAB)
CellDCH
Paging in Idle mode and URAPCH
oPICH and SCCPCH are used to page the UE
oPICH used to tell the UE when to read SCCPCH
oSCCPCH used to carry RRC message type1 which includes actual paging
info and the number of times the WCDMA RAN will retransmit the paging
Paging in cellFACH and cellDCH

oWhen the establish connection between UE and RAN is existing Paging
type 2 message are sent to the user it is carried on DCCH so it is only for
one user.
Power Control
Power
Eb
No
Eb
No
Ec
Eb C RC

No
I Rb
Freq
To achieve the required BLER for each service their must be Eb/No requirement
WCDMA is based on QPSK modulation technique
100
1
Pe erfc
2
Pe (Probability of bit error)
10-2
Eb
N 0
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
Eb/No (dB)
10
12
14
Power
Signal (Eb/No)
Eb/No = Eb/No Required
Interference (No)
1 Carrier
OK I can Decode
(5MHz)
Power
Signal
Eb/No <Eb/No Required
(Eb/No)
Interference (No) Cant decode
1 Carrier
(5MHz)
Power control is on Both links:DL power control ( Capacity issue )

UL power control ( Coverage issue )
DL power control (Capacity issue)
Power
Eb/No > Eb/No Required
Eb/No = Eb/No Required
1 Carrier
Power
(5MHz)
Interference
Capacity
UL power control (coverage issue)

Power
Eb/No required
Freq.
Max TX power
Cell Breathing
WCDMA power control procedure consists of 3 Loops

1- Open-loop
2- Inner-loop
3- Outer-loop
UL Power Control
1- Open-loop power control(UL)
Power
Pini
oAt beginning of a connection in order to provide initial power

oMS estimates an initial minimum required power
oIf no response received from Node-B, MS retries with a slightly higher power
until acknowledgement received
Ack
PC Introduction(Contd)
2- Inner-Loop Power Control (UL)
SIR received is compared to target SIR
SIR > Target SIR
Node-B send power control commands to MS to decrease its power to reach
target
SIR< Target SIR
Node-B send power control commands to MS to increase its power to reach
target
Note:
Power control commands reaches up to 1500 command per second able to over
come fast
fading
PC Introduction(Contd)
3- Outer-Loop Power Control(UL)
BLER
BLER increase
BLER > blerQualityTarget
SIR target is increased
hence sent power control
commands to MS to increase
its power so that BLER
decreased
BLER Decreas
BLER < blerQualityTarget
SIR target is decreased
hence sent power control
commands to MS to decrease
its power (able to achieve SIR
target with lower power )
SIR Target
SIR Target
MS Power
RNC
MS Power
BLER
RNC
BLER
1-Downlink Open Loop Power Control 2-Downlink Inner Loop Power Con
3-Downlink Outer loop Power Control
UL and DL Inner Loop Power Control

aim to
maintain a required SIR target for
each connected UE.
Two alternative algorithms for uplink Outer Loop Power control can be
implemented.
Constant Step Regulator algorithm
SIR target
Jump Regulator algorithm
SIR target
BLER
ulSirStep
Ratio
ulSirStep
ulSirStep
BLER
CRC=OK
CRC=OK
CRC=OK
CRC=notCRC=OK
CRC=OK Time
BLER
CRC=OK
CRC=OK
CRC=OK
CRC=notCRC=OK
CRC=OKTime
Parameters
ulSirStep
ulSirStep = 10 { 0..50 }
Size of up step of SIR target for 10 ms TTI users.
Unit: 0.1 dB
ulSirStepTti2
ulSirStepTti2 = 5 { 0..50 }
Size of up step of SIR target for 2 ms TTI users.
Unit: 0.1 dB
sirMax
sirMax = 100 { -82..173 }
Maximum allowed SIR target for 10 ms TTI users.
Unit: 0.1 dB
sirMaxTti2
sirMaxTti2 = 173 { -82..173 }
Maximum allowed SIR target for 2 ms TTI users.
Unit: 0.1 dB
sirMin
sirMin = -82 { -82..173 }
Minimum allowed SIR target.
Unit: 0.1 dB
ulOuterLoopRegulator
The parameter determines the algorithm to be used in UL Outer loop
power control
0 CONSTANT_STEP
Each node-B in the active set listen to the same sequence of TPC commands from the
UE.
Received TPC commands may be affected by different errors, due to the different radio
propagation conditions experienced by each of links.
Consequently, the transmitted power at different RBSs will start to drift
Power Balancing prevents this power drift problem
Power Drift
BS Power
BS Power
d
an
m
m
Co
TPC
C
om
ma
nd
C
TP
Downlink Power Balancing is configured to work on an eight frame cycle.

At the beginning of the cycle reference power is calculated
Reference power = average of all Radio Link (RL) powers
Over the next eight frames the power of each RL is adjusted back to this reference
Reference value (average)
d
an
m
m
Co
m
om
C
d
an
P(k) = P(k-1) + Pbal

RNC
C
TP
TP
BS Power
Power Drift
Parameter dlPcMethod defines the selected Power Balancing method.

dlPcMethod
FIXED
Comment
Both Power Balancing and downlink Inner Loop Power Control are disabled
NO BALANCING Downlink Inner Loop Power Control is active, but Power Balancing is never started
Power Balancing is activated and runs in parallel with downlink Inner Loop Power
Control when more than one Radio Link Set (RLS) is involved in the connection
between the UE and UTRAN.
Downlink Inner Loop Power Control is always active.
BALANCING
FIXED
BALANCING
Downlink Inner Loop Power Control is active as long as one single RLS is involved in
the connection between the UE and UTRAN.
As soon as an additional RLS enters the active set, downlink Inner Loop Power
Control is disabled, and Power Balancing is activated
Handover
Inter-System Handover
Handover from a CDMA system to an Analog or TDMA

system
Traffic and Control Channels are Disconnected and must
be Reconnected
Hard Handover
When the MS must change CDMA carrier frequency during

the Handover
Traffic and Control Channels are Disconnected and must
be Reconnected
Soft Handover
Unique to CDMA
During Handover, the MS has concurrent traffic
connections with two BSs
Handover should be less noticeable
Softer Handover
Similar to Soft Handover, but between two sectors of the

same cell
Handover is simplified since sectors have identical timing
Missing Neighbour Pro
2G Missing Neighbour Problem
ll
Ce
F
Cell E
ll D
Ce
el
l
Cell C
ll A
Ce
Cell A Cell B
A & B must be neighbor cells
Cell B Cell C
Cell C Cell D
Cell D Cell E
Cell E Cell F
2G Missing Neighbour Problem(Contd)

Missing Neighbor Cells
ll
Ce
el
l
Cel
lB
Cell E
ll A
Ce
Ce
ll
B
Cell A Cell B
Cell B Cell C
neighbors
Cell B Cell D
neighbor
Cell B Cell E
A & C are not

A & E must be
neighbor
cells
Cell
E Cell
F
E & F must be neighbor cells
B & D are not

Missing Neighbor
3G Cell 2
3G Cell1
3G
3G
Cell
1
Ce
ll
1
3G All have the same frequency

Interference Figure at
3G cell 2
Power
3G Cell 2 User
Signal (Eb/No) < Required Cant

Decode
= Required Eb/No Can
Signal
(Eb/No)
Decode
3G cell 1 user
3G cell 1 user
3G Cell 2 User
Interference (No)
Interference (No)
BS[1]
BS[2]
RNC
RNC
Soft/Softer Handover (Contd)

When the UE is in soft handover it receives (possibly different) TPC commands from all
cells in its active set.
All of these commands are combined, yielding a single combined TPC command that
tells the UE to increase or decrease the transmit power
RNC
RNC
RNC
RNC
Network takes advantage of having several simultaneous radio links

UL power of UE can be lowered reducing UL interference and increasing system
capacity

Without Soft/Softer Handover
At the edge of the node-B
oUE entering a new cell area without being power controlled by the detected
cell
oAt the edge UE would transmit on full power for UL.
oThe UE transmitting on full power would cause UL interference in other nodeBs.
oReducing the capacity of other node-Bs.
Protection from UEs becoming severe disturbers.

oIn 3GPP UE can report Detected Cells.
oIf the detected cell quality measure exceeds the quality measure of the best cell
in the Active Set by the amount of releaseConnOffset dBs
oConnection will be released in order to avoid the UE staying in that cell area
without being power controlled by the Power Control function of that cell.

Field Example
Soft/Softer Handover
t/Softer Handover(Contd)
Soft Handover
Unique to CDMA
During Handover, the MS has concurrent traffic connections with
two BSs
Handover should be less noticeable
Node-B 1
Node-B 2
Softer Handover
Similar to Soft Handover, but between two sectors of the same cell
Handover is simplified since sectors have identical timing
Node-B 1
t/Softer Handover(Contd)
Ac
tiv
t iv
Se
tC
eS
et
Ce
ll
el
l
(A
S)
2(
AS
)
Detected Neighbor
ti
c
A
ve
Se
l
Ce
Mon
itor
or
it or
on b
M igh
e
N
De
t
Ne ecte
d
i gh
bo
r
Ac
S)
A
l(
N ei g
hbo
r

Handovers in 3G consists of two parts
oEvaluation part
UEs designed to evaluate and send measurement reports to the system
when certain events occur.
Event
Triggered
MEASUREMENT CONTROL MESSAGE
measurement criteria
Measuredcell
(X)
fulfilledthe
threshold
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Event occurred
which cells fulfilled the event criteria
SRNC
Evaluation part triggers the corresponding handover execution part.

oExecution part.
Triggered by the evaluation results, allocates resources and performs the
actual Handover
SRNC
Hysteresis and Time to Trigger Concept

Due to fluctuations we need to limit the amount of event-triggered reports
Hysteresis parameter should be considered with reporting event.
The value of the hysteresis is given to the UE in the reporting criteria field of the
MEASUREMENT CONTROL message that SRNC sends.
In general, The condition to trigger the event is that
Meas. Signal > or < threshold +or (H/2)
Meas. Signal > or < threshold +or (H/2) during a time equal or greater than the
corresponding time to trigger.

Filtering, Offsetting, and Weighting before Reporting
Filtering
The measured values are filtered by the UE before comparing the result values
with the event report criteria. .
The layer 3 filter formula is as follows:
Where,
Fn
Result of current measurement filter.
Fn-1
Result of last filter.
Mn
Current measurement result.
a =1/2^(k/2) Filter coefficient calculated based on the filter factor K
(FilterCoeff (Intra)).
Offsetting
Offset can be assigned to each cell. Either positive or negative,
Offset is added to the measurement quantity before the UE evaluates whether an
event has occurred or not.
The UE receives the cell offsets for each cell in the MEASUREMENT CONTROL
message sent from the SRNC to the UE.
Weighting
Weighting factor is used to include active set cells other than the best in
evaluation criteria for reporting events.

Series of events are defined in 3GPP to trigger criteria for
Soft/Softer(HO)
Event 1a (add)
o When a cell, not included in the Active Set, enters the reporting range.
Event 1b(delete)
oWhen a cell, included in the Active Set, leaves the reporting range,
Measureme
nt
quantity
Event1A
Event1b
P_CPICH
best cell
reportingRange1a
Hysteresis1a/2
Hysteresis1a/2
reportingRange1b
Hysteresis1b/2
Hysteresis1b/2
P_CPICH cell 1
TTT1a
TTT1b
time

Event 1a condition
R1a:
Refers to the reporting range of Event 1A.
H1a:
Refers to the reporting hysteresis of Event 1A.
MNew:
Refers to measurement of the new cell outside the active set.
CIONew:
Offset of cell outside active set in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset
(utranRelation)).
Mi:
Refers to the mean measurement value of other cells except the best cell in active
set.
NA:
Refers to the number of other cells except the best cell in active set.
MBest:
Refers to the measurement of the best cell in the active set.
W:
Weight proportion of the best cell to the rest cells in the active set in evaluation
standards.
o
o
Ec
Ec
H 1a
New NotAS
bestcell AS R1a
N
N
2

Event 1b condition
R1b:
Refers to the reporting range of Event 1B.
H1b :
Refers to the reporting hysteresis of Event 1B.
MOld:
Refers to measurement of cell in the active set.
CIOOld:
Refers to offset of cell in active set in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset
(utranCell)).
Mi:
Refers to the mean measurement value of other cells except the best cell in active
set.
NA:
Refers to the number of other cells except the best cell in active set.
MBest:
Refers to the measurement of the best cell in the active set.
W:
Refers to the weight proportion of the best cell to the rest cells in the active set in
evaluation standards.
Ec
Ec
H 1b
old AS
bestcell AS R1b
No
No
2

Event 1c
oWhen a cell, not included in the Active set, becomes stronger than the
weakest cell in the Active set,
oThe UE sends an event 1c report to the RNC. If the reported cell is :
Valid neighbor
Active Set is full
o Reported cell is proposed as a replacement for the weakest cell in the Active
set.
Measurement
Event1C
quantity
AS Cell 1
AS Cell 2
Hysteresis1c/2
Hysteresis1c/2
AS Cell 3
Cell 4
TTT1C
time

Event 1C condition
H1c
Refers to the reporting hysteresis of Event 1C.
MNew:
Refers to measurement of cell outside the active set.
MInAS:
Refers to the cell with poorest quality in the active set.
CIONew:
Refers to offset of cell outside the AS in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset
(utranRelation).
CIOInAS:
Refers to offset of cell with poorest quality in AS in relation to other cells
(CellIndivOffset (utranCell)).
Ec
Ec
H 1c
new notAS
Poorest AS
No
No
2

Event 1d
oWhen any (Active Set, Monitored set, and Detected) cell becomes stronger
than the best cell in the Active Set, during a time at least equal to
timeToTrigger1d, event 1dMeasureme
occurs
Event1d
nt
quantity
AS Cell 2
AS Cell 1
Hysteresis1d/2
Hysteresis1d/2
AS Cell 3
time
Event 1d condition
TTT1d
MNotBest:
Refers to the measurement of cell within or outside the active set.
CIONotBest:
Refers to the offset of cell within the active set (CellIndivOffset (utranCell)) or
outside the active set (CellIndivOffset (utranRelation)) in relation to other cells.

CIOBest:
Refers to offset of cell in the active set in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset
(utranCell)).
MBest:
Refers to the measurement of the cell in the active set.
H1d:
Refers to Event 1D report hysteresis
Ec
Ec
H 1d
new _ notbest _ notAS / AS
best _ AS
No
No
2

Summary
Event
Triggered
Measuredcell
(X)
fulfilledthe
threshold
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Event occurred
which cells fulfilled the event criteria
SRNC
Evaluation
RNC
Evaluation
Evaluates which cells should be proposed
to be added, removed, or replaced in the Active Set
Radio Link
Add/Removal/Replace
Active Set Update
Active Set Update Complete
Execution
TakeAction
Radio Link
Add/Removal/Replac
e
INTER RAT HANDOVER

(IRATHO) FROM WCDMA TO
GSM
INTER RAT
INTER RAT HANDOVER (IRATHO) FROM WCDMA TO

GSM
Measurement
Quantity
Go back to
3G
Start
Compressed
Mode
2d event
Go to 2G
2F event
3A event
Hysteresis 2F/2
2F threshold
UMTS Cell
2d
Threshold
hysteresis2d/2
Hysteresis 3A/2
3A GSM
Threshold
Hysteresis 3A/2
GSM Cell
3A UTRAN
Threshold
Ec
3G _ Cell 3A UTRAN Threshold
No
&
2G _ meas _ Cell 3A GSM Threshold
3A
H
2
Trigger Event 3A and 3G to 2G

execution start
3A
INTER RAT (Contd)

INTER RAT HANDOVER (IRATHO) FROM WCDMA TO
GSM(Contd)
UE
Node-B
SRNC
CN/UMSC
Target BSS
Measurement Report (Event 2d)

evaluating
the report
Compressed Mode Control
Measurement control message
measurement criteria 3A
Event
Measurement Report (Event 3A)
evaluating
the report
Relocation Required
GSM Handover Request
GSM Handover Request Ack
Relocation Command
Handover from UTRAN Command
GSM HO access
GSM Handover Complete

Connection Release
Dedicated radio link
INTER Frequency HANDOVER

Measurement
Quantity
Go back to
3G
Start
Compressed
Mode
2d event
2F event
Inter Freq
HO
2b event
Hysteresis 2F/2%
2F threshold
Currently used frequency

2d
Threshold
Hysteresis 2b/2
nonusedFreqThresh4_
2b
Hysteresis 2b/2
usedFreqThresh4_
2b
Non-used frequency
Ec
Used _ Freq 2b_ Threshold Used_Freq
No
&
2b
Ec
NonUsed _ Freq 2b_ Threshold NonUsed_Freq
No
Trigger Event 2b and IF

execution start
H
2
2b
INTER Frequency HANDOVER (Contd)

INTER Frequency HANDOVER(Contd)
Inter-frequency Handover sequence
SRNC
Perform
Measurement
Measuredcell(X)
fulfilledthe
threshold
UE Evaluation
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Event 2b
Physical Channel Reconfiguration
Execution
TakeAction
Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete
Radio Link Release
INTER Frequency HANDOVER (Contd)

INTER Frequency HANDOVER(Contd)
Inter-frequency Handover Tactic
Event 2A: The best carrier frequency changes.
Ec
Ec
NonBest
Best
No
No
2A
Event 2C: The quality of non-working

carrier frequency is higher than a
threshold.
Ec
NonUsed 2C_ Threshold NonUsed
No
H
2
3C
Compressed Mode
Compressed Mode
Compressed Mode
Certain idle periods are created in radio frames during which the UE can perform
measurements on other frequencies.
Compressed mode must be initiated for Inter-RAT/inter-frequency measurement.
Two different methods are used to create these idle periods

SF/2
HLS
Halving of Spreading Factor (SF)

Current SF = (Used SF )/2
Consume more radio resources to transmit the normal amount of user data.
Power
Code
Higher Layer Scheduling
The amount of data scheduled during compressed frames is reduced ,so that it can fit
in the decreased number of available slots.
Some timeslots in a radio frame are assigned for inter-frequency/Inter-RAT
measurement and some are assigned for data transmission.
This strategy is used for non-real time services with low requirements for delay,
Compressed Mode (Contd)

Radio Frame
0
Radio Frame
14
Radio Frame
Radio Frame
14
14
14
10 ms
Rc Chip Rate =3.84 Mcps

Number of Chips in TS= (3.84Mcps*10ms)/15 = 2560 chip
SF = Chip Rate/ Bit Rate
# Bits = # Chips / SF
Ex.1 SF=128
Ex. 2 SF= 64
# of bits =2560/128 =20 *2 = 40 bit
# of bits =2560/64 =40 *2 =80 bit
With in the Frame 40*15 = 600 bit
With in the Frame 80*7.5=600 bit
WCDMA Service Integrity
Channel Switching

Channel Switching is applied only to best effort packet data traffic
Channel Switching is activated in connected mode and handles switches
between the different states or to idle mode.
There are two states in connected mode:
Dedicated state (Cell_DCH)
Dedicated resources
common state (Cell_FACH)
Common resources
Low bit rate services
The switches between dedicated and common states are handled by WCDMA
RAN without the involvement of the Core Network.

Cell_DCH
EUL/HS
Dedicated Channels
Cell_DCH
384/HS
Cell_DCH
64/HS
Upswitch
based on
throughput
Common to
Dedicated
based on buffer
size
or activity
Common Channel
Activity
Cell_DCH
64/384
Cell_DCH
64/128
Cell_DCH
64/64
Cell_FACH
Idle mode
SHO can initiate a

switch if it fails to
add a RL
Down switch based

on
throughput or
inactivity or
Dedicated
coverageto
common
based on UL/DL
user
throughput
No activity

The Channel Switching algorithm consists of the following subalgorithms:
Common to Dedicated Evaluation
Dedicated to Common Evaluation
Common to Idle Evaluation
Dedicated to Dedicated Up switch Evaluation
Dedicated to Dedicated Down switch Evaluation
Multi-RAB Up switch Evaluation
Multi-RAB Down switch Evaluation
Switching Counters
pmNoOfSwDownNgCong
Shows number of down switches from a dedicated channel to a common
channel initiated by congestion control.
PmNoOfSwDownNgAdm
Shows number of down switches within dedicated channels initiated by
admission control
Channel Switching uses the below as input to the

algorithms.
Buffer load
Throughput
Transmitted Code Power
Buffer load(UP Switch)

The Common to Dedicated Evaluation algorithm monitors the amount of
user data buffered in the RNC or UE.
RLC buffer size (bytes) (UL/DL)
dlRlcBufUpswitch or
ulRlcBufUpswitch
Time (s)
Parameter
Name
Default Value
dlRlcBufUpswitch
500
ulRlcBufUpswitch
256
Value Range
0..2000
8; 16; 32; 64; 128; 256; 512; 1024; 2048; 3072;
4096; 6144; 8192
Resoluti
on
Unit
100
bytes
bytes
Throughput (Down Switch)

The Dedicated to Common Evaluation algorithm monitors the transmitted
user data.
hroughput (kbps)
(UL/DL)
downswitchTimerThreshold
downswitchTimer
downswitchThreshold
Time (
downswitchTimer
Parameter Name
downswitchThreshold
downswitchTimerThreshold
downswitchTimer
downswitchTimer
stops
No downswitch
Default Value
Value Range
0
0
[1]
0..32
0..64
[0..100]
Downswitch request
Resolution
1
1
[0.5]
Unit
kbps
kbps
[s]
Transmitted Code Power
The Coverage Triggered Down switch Evaluation algorithm monitors the DL cod
Transmitted
DL Code
Power
Max Code Power

downswitchPowerMargin
Power alarm
threshold
Cell A
Down switch
Transmitted
DL Code
Power
Coverage
Timer
Time (s)
Max Code Power

downswitchPowerMargin
Power alarm
threshold
Cell B
Coverage
Timer
Parameter Name
downswitchPwrMargin
coverageTimer
Down switch
Time (s)
Default Value
[1]
[1]
Value Range
[0 ... 10]
[0 ... 10]
Resolution Unit
[0.5]
[dB]
[0.1]
[s]
Load Control
Load Control
Load Control (Contd)

PUC (potential user control)
Based on the cell load PUC works
oIf the load becomes heavy ,PUC modifies cell selection and reselection
parameters and broadcast them ,PUC leads UEs to neighboring cells with
less load
oIf the cell load becomes normal PUC uses the parameters configured
oIf the cell load becomes light ,PUC modifies cell selection and reselection
parameters and broad cast them ,PUC leads UEs to this cell

ICAC (intelligent call admission control)
UE access control procedures
1-UE send a connection setup request
2-RNC and CN negotiate the service rate according to the requested
3-RNC judges whether the cell resource allow the access
oIF yes RNC admits the UE
oIF no the RNC go to step 4
4-RNC judges whether pre-emption is allowed
oIf yes RNC performs pre-emption ,if pre-emption succeed ,the RNC admit
the UE
oIf no the RNC go to step 5
5-RNC Judges weather queuing is allowed
oIf yes ,the RNC perform queuing ,if queuing success the RNC admit the
UE
6-RNC performs DRD
oIf the DRD success ,the RNC admit the user
7- RNC reject the access request

The admission decision is based on
oCell available code resource
oCell available power resource
oNode-B resource state
oAvailable IUB transport layer resource

The algorithm Chooses UEs for Preemption
oThe pre-emption capability of the request
Indicating whether this request can preempt a lower priority radio
connection or not in case of resource shortage.
oPre-emption results in the release of one or more RABs according to their
priority
oThe priority level (1.. 15) where value 15 means 'no priority' and 1 is highest
priority.
oThe pre-emption capability indicator (PCI) which consists of two values,
(Indicates the pre-emption capability of the request)
o'shall not trigger pre-emption'
o'may trigger pre-emption'.
oThe pre-emption vulnerability indicator (PVI) with the values
onot pre-emptable

LDR load reshuffling
oWhen the cell is in basis congestion RNC can take one of the following steps
Inter-frequency load handover
Rate reduction
CS inter RAT
PS inter RAT
OLC over load control
oWhen the cell is highly over loaded may lead to instability and dropped calls
oOLC can rapidly reduce the load
Admission and congestion

control
1- Admission control
Function
blocks new incoming calls
block handover attempts
When
High load on the air interface
How
Measurements of uplink interference
Downlink output power
Actual number of users.
2- Congestion control
Function
Reduces bit rates of existing connections
Removes existing connections.
When
In case of overload (increased power
requirement of the user)
ate
r
it
b
es
c
du
e
R
ets
k
ac
p
E)
B
(
How
It uses Power measurements
Example
When the Cell load rises due to the increased power requirement for UE that
is moving away from the RBS.
When this load reaches a defined limit the RBS reduce it by delaying Best
Effort (BE) packets.
This is achieved by switching BE users to lower rate common channels.
Best effort packets
118
Little quality of service (not guaranteed bit rate),i.e. WAP, Email and MMS ,
Uplink Congestion Control

RTWP
Congestion
IFHYST
Congestion resolved
IFHYST
IFCong
Time
Downlink Congestion
Control
DL transmitted power
Congestion
Pwrhyst
Congestion resolved
Pwrhyst
PWROffset
PWRAdm
Time
System Resource
The following set of system resources are relevant within the Capacity
Management scope:
o Per Cell:
1-Downlink channelization codes
2-Downlink transmitted carrier power
3-Air Interface Speech Equivalents (ASE) in uplink and downlink
4-Uplink Received Total Wideband Power (RTWP)
5-The number of radio links per DL Spreading Factor
6-The number of radio links per UL Spreading Factor
7-The number of radio links in compressed mode
8-The number of serving HS connections
9-The number of serving EUL connections
10-The number of serving 2 ms TTI EUL connections
11-The number of non-serving EUL connections
o Per Hardware Pool:
1-RBS hardware utilization
Key Performance
Indicators
KPIs
Main 3G KPIs
Traffic (CS)
R99 RABs Establishment success rate
RRC success rate
Call drop Rate
HS establishment rate
R99 & HS & EUL throughput
Handover
IRATH
O
Succe
ss
Rate
100*<HOSUCC>/<HOTT>
HS to
FACH
100*(<pmPsIntHsToFachSucc>/<pmPsIntHsToFachatt>)
CDR
HSDP
100*((<pmNoSystemRbReleaseHs>)/
A
(<pmNoSystemRbReleaseHs>+<pmNoNormalRbReleaseHs>+
NEW
<pmNoSuccRbReconfPsIntDch>+<pmPsIntHsToFachSucc>))
100*(<pmNoSystemRabReleaseSpeech>/
CDR_C (<pmNoNormalRabReleaseSpeech>+<pmNoSystemRabReleas
S_SP
eSpeech>))
CDR_
CS_VI
DEO
FACH
to HS
HS2D
CH
RAB_
HSDP
A_ES
T_RAT
E
RAB_
PKT_E
ST_S
UC%
RAB_
SPE_E
ST_S
UC%
100*<pmNoSystemRabReleaseCs64>/
(<pmNoNormalRabReleaseCs64>+<pmNoSystemRabReleaseCs
64>)
(<pmupswitchFachHsSuccess>/<pmupswitchFachHSAttempt>)
*100
If <pmHsToDchAttempt>=0 Then 1 Else
(<pmHsToDchSuccess>/<pmHsToDchAttempt>)
100*<pmNoRabEstablishSuccessPacketInteractiveHs>/<pmNoR
abEstablishAttemptPacketInteractiveHs>
100*<pmNoRabEstablishSuccessPacketInteractive>/<pmNoRab
EstablishAttemptPacketInteractive>
100*(<pmNoRabEstablishSuccessSpeech>/<pmNoRabEstablish
AttemptSpeech>)
RAB_VID_EST_SU 100*<pmNoRabEstablishSuccessCs64>/<pmNoRabEsta
C%
blishAttemptCs64>
100*<pmTotNoRrcConnectReqSuccess>/<pmTotNoRrcC
RRC_CON_SUC%
onnectReq>
SHO_Succ_Rate
100*<SHO_Success>/<SHO_Attempts>
DCH to HSDPA
Success Rate %:
100*(<pmDlUpswitchSuccessHs>/<pmDlUpswitchAttemptHs>)
HSDPA
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access

(HSDPA)
Why HSDPA?
Gain more throughput per cell and higher bit rate per user.
HSDPA is based on the following features

Higher-order modulation
Shared channel transmission
Short transmission time interval (TTI)
Fast link adaptation
Fast scheduling
Fast hybrid automatic-repeat-request (ARQ)
Dynamic Power Allocation
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access

(Contd)
HSDPA features
1- Short TTI (2 MS)
One reason for a shorter TTI is to reduce the air-interface delay by reducing
the RTT
This will improve the end-user performance since shorter TTI improves the
interaction
with TCP/IP.
Old releases
80 ms
40 ms
20 ms
10 ms
2 ms HSDPA
2- Shared Channel Transmission

Certain amount of radio resources of a cell (code space and power) is seen
as a common are dynamically shared between users in the time domain.
The main benefit with DL shared channel transmission is to reduce the risk
for code-limited capacity and power limited capacity
HSDPA features (Contd)

Shared channel transmission(Contd)
SF
1
2
4
Channelization codes alloc

for HS-DSCH transmissio
8 codes (example)
8
16
32
TTI=2msTTI=2msTTI=2msTTI=2msTTI=2ms
Shared
channelizatio
n
codes
time

3- Higher-Order Modulation
R99 is based on QPSK modulation
To support higher data rates, higher-order data modulation, such as 16QAM
Higher-order modulation is more bandwidth efficient, i.e. can carry more bits
per Hertz.
Higher-order modulation is also less robust and typically requires higher
energy per bit for a given a given error rate

4-Fast Link Adaptation
Radio-channel conditions will typically vary significantly, both in time and
between different positions
Reasons for these variations in channel conditions:
Different positions within the cell, due to distance dependent path loss
and location-dependent shadowing
Variations in the interference level.
The interference level will depend on:
The position within the cell, with typically higher interference
level close to the cell border.
The instantaneous transmission activity of neighbor cells.
Own-cell interference
Multi-path fading, The rate of these variations depends on the speed of
the mobile terminal.
ulti-path propagation
ime dispersion
2
0
h()
1 2
ombined Signal
Direct Signal
Reflected Signal
Combined Signal
Rayleigh) Fading due to Multipath relctions

Composite
Received
Signal
Strength
msec
Deep fade caused by destructive summation

of two or more multipath reflections
Deep fade caused by destructive summation
of two or more multipath reflections
time (mSec)

Fast link adaptation(Contd)
Fast adjustment of the data rate every TTI (2 ms).
Eb C RC

No
I Rb

5- Fast Channel Dependent Scheduling
User 1
Scheduled
User
User 2
TTI=2msTTI=2ms
TTI=2msTTI=2msTTI=2ms
TTI=2msTTI=2ms

Scheduling algorithms
Max C/I Ratio
oAssign the channel to the user with the best channel quality
oHigh system throughput but not fair(if user is on cell border)
Round Robin (RR)
oCyclically assign the channel to users without taking channel
conditions into account
oSimple but poor performance
Proportional Fair (PF)
oSchedules all users in the cell but prioritize users with better
channel quality
oBut ensure that all users receive a guaranteed minimum throughput.
It gives rather
High throughput, fair

6- Fast hybrid automatic-repeat-request (ARQ)
P3
AC
K
P2
NA
CK
P1
P2
P1
P3

7-Dynamic Power Allocation
Power
Max cell power
HSDPA power
DCH Power
CCH power
HSDPA will take the power left after CCHs and DCHs have
taken their parts
Average power utilization will increase in the network
with HSDPA
time
HSDPA Mobility
HSDPA Mobility
HSDPA introduction
3GPP Release 5 extends the WCDMA specification with a new downlink transport
channel for packet data, the High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH).
The HS-DSCH utilizes the remaining transmission power which is not used for the
dedicated and common channels.
With shared channel transmission, a certain amount of the channelization codes and
transmission power in a cell are considered a common resource that is dynamically
shared among the users.
Power
Max Cell Power
HSDPA power
DCH Power
CCH power
time
HSDPA Mobility (Contd)

HS-DSCH - High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel
Mapped on one or several (HS-PDSCHs) which are simultaneously received by the UE.
In the 3GPP standard, there are up to 15 HS-PDSCHs per cell with the spreading factor
fixed 16. The number of HS-PDSCHs per cell is configurable and depending on the
license, each cell has up to 5, 10, or 15 HS-PDSCHs.
High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
Carries control information to the scheduled UE.
The control information required for each 2-ms TTI
UE ID
Codes
Modulation
Coding%
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH)
The UE uses this channel to :
oRequest retransmission of the incorrectly received blocks on the HS-DSCH
(ACK/NACK)
oReport CQI is used by the scheduling and link adaptation functions

Transport Channel
Physical Channel
HS-DPCCH
RBS
CQIRequest
HS-SCCH
HS-DSCH
User
User
data
Control Information
UE ID, codes, Modulation ,Coding%
HS-DPCCH
data
ACK/NACK
HS-PDSCH
A-DCH
User
data
User data +
Over head
bits
ULSig
na
lingAD
C
HDLS
(R99)
ig
ULus naling
erdata

The dedicated uplink and downlink channels use soft handover.
HS-DSCH do not use soft handover as it is shared transport channel.
Mobility for the HS-DSCH is called HS-DSCH cell change
HS-SCCH carries control signaling for the HS-DSCH, and is never in soft
handover.
HS-DPCCH only capable of softer handovers since it is terminated in the RBS
IUR
RNC
IUB
HS
-S
IUB
CC
H
HS
-D
SC
H
HS
-D
PC
CH
ADC
H
RBS
RNC
Soft /Softer HO
Cell Change
Softer HO
-D
A
CH
RBS

Serving cell change is triggered when:
oChange of the best cell within the Active set (event 1d HS).
oCurrent serving cell should be removed or replaced from the Active set (event 1b
or 1c).
When HSDPA is started, an extra MEASUREMENT CONTROL related

to the event 1d HS , is sent to the UE having another MEASUREMENT
ID
The reason for having a separate event 1d HS is to be able to
oUse different hysteresis
oUse different time to trigger parameters to trigger serving HS-DSCH. It
oUse a different quality criteria
HS-DSCH mobility can be divided into the following parts:

oServing HS-DSCH Cell Change triggered by change of Best Cell within the Active
Set.
oServing HS-DSCH Cell Change triggered by removal of the serving HS-DSCH cell
from the Active Set.
oCoverage triggered IF or IRAT HO attempts,
oHS-DSCH Cell Selection.

When a serving HS-DSCH Cell Change is triggered by change of best
cell
Change of best
cell
RNC will take no

more actions
blocked
OFF
event 1d HS
hsToDchTrigger
Serving HS-DSCH
CellChangeEvaluation
Transitio
n to
DCH is
allowed?
ON
Admissio
n
Control
HS to DCH
hsCellChangeAllowed
Cell
Change
Allowed?
No
False
RNC attempt to
reconfigure to
DCH
TRUE
Yes
RNC selects the
best of the active
set cells
Fail in Execution
No (No Suitable
HS cell is found)
No
Target.Cell
Support
HS
Yes
Target
Cell
DRNC
withIUR?
No
RNC Execution
Yes
Yes
IURlink
Support
HS?

Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change triggered by removal of the
serving HS-DSCH cell from the Active Set.
Removal of the current
serving cell
RNC shall release

the connection
blocked
OFF
event 1b
hsToDchTrigger
Serving HS-DSCH
CellChangeEvaluation
supports HS-DSCH
Transitio
n to
DCH is
allowed?
ON
Admissio
n
Control
HS to DCH
hsCellChangeAllowed
Cell
Change
Allowed?
No
RNC attempt to
reconfigure to
DCH
False
TRUE
Yes
RNC selects the best
of the other
remaining active set
cells
Fail in Execution
No (No Suitable
HS cell is found)
Target.Cell
Support
HS
Target
Cell
DRNC
withIUR?
Yes
Yes
No
No
RNC Execution
Yes
IURlink
Support
HS?

Coverage Triggered IF or IRAT HO attempt
OFF
event 2d /6d
RNC will take no

more actions
blocked
hsToDchTrigger
No
IF/IRAT
Mobility
HSDPA
Active?
Transitio
n to
DCH is
allowed?
RNC attempt to
reconfigure to
DCH
ON
Admissio
n
Control
Yes
Compressed Mode
HS to DCH
IF or IRAT HO
attempt might
start
HoYTyp
e
GSM_PREFERR
ED
Yes
IFHO_PREFERR
ED
no defined
GSM neighbors
IF
handov
er can
not be
done
IRAT
handov
er can
not be
done
NO
Yes
no defined
IF neighbors
NO
Execution
Yes
Support
HS
NO
CQI

CQI report
oUE sends a Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) on the uplink (HS-DPCCH)
oCQI
Estimates the number of bits that can be transmitted to the UE using a
certain assumed HS-PDSCH power with a block error rate of 10%
UE receiver performance
Good UE receiver can report that it can receive more bits than a Bad UE
receiver implementation for the same channel conditions.
PCPICH_RX
Received power of the P-CPICH

Measurement Power Offset MPO
Cell level parameter hsMeasurementPowerOffset
Reference power adjustment
Given by Table 7A, 7B, 7C, 7D, 7E, 7F or 7G depending on
the UE category.

Physical layer procedures (FDD), 3GPP TS
25.214
CQI algorithm indicates
Transport block size
Number of HS-PDSCH codes
Modulation Type
HS-PDSCH Power
HSDPA Scheduler algorithm

indicates
Which UE to transmit to in the
TTI,
Available HS-PDSCH
transmission power, Available
number of HS-PDSCH codes.
It does not indicate how much
data to transmit.
CQI
Value
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Transport Block Number

Size
of HSPDSCH
137
1
173
1
233
1
317
1
377
1
461
1
650
2
792
2
931
2
1262
3
1483
3
1742
3
2279
4
2583
4
3319
5
3565
5
4189
5
4664
5
5287
5
5887
5
6554
5
7168
5
7168
5
7168
5
7168
5
7168
5
7168
5
7168
5
7168
5
7168
5
CAT6
Modulation
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
Reference Power
Adjustment
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Why CQI !
Why CQI
Back to Developing
Basics
Back to Developing Basics

PN 1
PN 2
PN 3
OC5, OC6, OC7

OC3, OC4
OC1, OC2
OC1, OC2
PN codes (distinguish each Base Station)

Not orthogonal
High cross correlation properties
PN1 * PN2 0 (mini. output)
Channelization Codes (distinguish data channels Coming from each Base Station)
Orthogonal Codes
OC1 * OC2 = 0
Back to Developing Basics (Contd)
PN 1
PN 2
Ec/No=-11 dB
CQI=27
Ec/No=-11 dB
CQI=20
PN 1
PN 3
PN 4

Ec/No for most of us is quality measurement metric.
It gives us how good or bad the link quality is.
However by definition it is confusing
RSCP
Received signal code power
Received power level of pilot channel of a one cell (dBm/mW)
Using RSCP we can compare different cells
Using RSCP handover and cell reselection decisions can be taken
RSSI
Signal power over the complete 5MHZ carrier which include all components receive
Signal from the current cell and neighboring cells on the same frequency
Theoretically in an isolated cell having only CPICH power with no other channels
RSSI CPICH power
RSSI will change if the carrier use the DCH or the common channels

CPICH Ec/No
Pilot channel quality ,energy per chip over total received power spectral density
Ec/No= RSCP/RSSI
The Better this value the better the signal can be distinguished from the over all
nosie
Always negative
Using Ec/No we can compare different cells
Using Ec/No handover and cell reselection decisions can be taken
No
Noise power spectral density
Interfering power
Non interfering power
Thermal noise
Test bed being served by single cell
Ec/No of UE is
oMeasure of PCPICH =RSCP
oMeasure of total wide band power =RSSI

Assume that UE is in Test bed being served by single cell`
Cell MAXTXPOWER 20 watt (43 dBm)
Assuming that 10 % of the cell power is dedicated for CPICH 2 watt (33 dBm)
If you have no DCH or HS channels
Ec/No= 10 log (CPICH Power/Total transmitted power)
Ec/No=10 log (2w/2w)= 10 log 1 = 0
Power
2 watt
Assume that you start HS session

Ec/No= 10 log (CPICH Power/Total transmitted
power)
Ec/No=10 log (2w/20w)= -10 dB (Poor value)
Ec/No will always give a false value for an HSDPA
user
CPICH Power
Nonconsumedpower
HSDPAPower
20 watt
Why CQI
Why CQI
CQI Adjustment
1
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Transport block Size increase

Number of codes increase
Higher order Modulation technique
More probability of Scheduling
Deviating CQI reports lead to faulty decisions

CQI accuracy will continue to vary depend on :
UE model
UE vendor
Deviating CQI
oUE that consistently overestimates the channel quality
Scheduled too often, at the price of other users.
Experience a block error rate that is higher than the target 10%, with more
retransmissions and reduced system throughput and increased service delay
oUE instead underestimates the channel quality
Scheduled too seldom.
Experience a Block error rate will be lower than 10%, which will lead to lower
transmitted data rates than possible and hence reduced system throughput.
Why CQI
To avoid the negative system impact due to inaccurate CQI reports,
CQI adjustment algorithm
RBS works on the ACKs and NACKs received from the UE to determine if the UE is
overestimating or underestimating the channel quality.
The algorithm make every effort to achieve a block error rate of 10%
Increase CQI
BLER
=10%
Decrease CQI
BLER
The output from the adjustment algorithm is CQIadjusted,

The CQI adjustment algorithm is an optional feature and can be enabled on cell
level through parameter cqiAdjustmentOn.
Thank
you
Thanks

UMTS Optimization

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UMTS Optimization

WCDMA Radio Network Feature

Idle Mode Behavior

What is Idle Mode?

UE in IDLE MODE has the following properties :

Services Types in Idle Mode

Automatic PLMN selection

Automatic PLMN selection

Initial Cell Selection Automatic Mode

Manual PLMN Selection

CRC for Error Detect

CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

1-Send the information a number of times

2-Transport CHANNELS (Contd)

Common Physical Channels

Dedicated Physical Channels

Downlink Indication Channels

Layers generate channel types

Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical

Physical Channel Layer Structure

Primary Common Control

Physical Random Access

Dedicated Physical Data

Dedicated Physical Control

Frame Structure of the Dedicated Physical

Cell selection procedure

Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas qRxlevMin (for all cells)

The cell consider as accepted if

Cell selection procedure(Contd)

Cell reselection procedure

Cell reselection procedure(Contd)

SintraSearch : Controls when intrafrequency measurements are performed

Cell reselection procedure(Contd)

Cell reselection procedure(Contd)

Cell reselection procedure(Contd)

Cell reselection procedure(Contd)

Cell reselection procedure(Contd)

Cell reselection procedure(Contd)

Cell Re-Selection to Neig

Cell reselection procedure(Contd)

Cell Re-Selection to Neig (

Location Update and Routing area upda

Location Update and Routing area upda

Location Update and Routing area upda

IMSI attach and detach

Paging in cellFACH and cellDCH

Pe (Probability of bit error)

Eb/No = Eb/No Required

Power control is on Both links:DL power control ( Capacity issue )

Eb/No = Eb/No Required

UL power control (coverage issue)

WCDMA power control procedure consists of 3 Loops

oAt beginning of a connection in order to provide initial power

3-Downlink Outer loop Power Control

UL and DL Inner Loop Power Control

Constant Step Regulator algorithm

Jump Regulator algorithm

Downlink Power Balancing is configured to work on an eight frame cycle.

Reference value (average)

P(k) = P(k-1) + Pbal

Parameter dlPcMethod defines the selected Power Balancing method.

Handover from a CDMA system to an Analog or TDMA

When the MS must change CDMA carrier frequency during

Similar to Soft Handover, but between two sectors of the