A

PRESENTATION
ON
GUIDED MISSILES
Under the guidance of
respected DHRUV sir
BY SAiKAT
ACHARYA
B.TECH (M.E)
3rd YEAR
ROLL-1121640090
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Do not make these at home..!!

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S. No.

CONTENT

Topic

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF MISSILES

MISSILES OF MODERN INDIA

MISSILE COMPONENTS

PRINCIPLE OF WORKING

CLASSIFICATION OF MISSILES

REFERENCE

WHAT IS A MISSILE ..?

Aflyingweaponthat

hasitsownengineso that it
cantravelalongdistance
beforeexplodingat theplacethat
it has beenaimedat Missiles
have four system components:
targeting and/or guidance, flight


INTRODUCTIO
The word missile
comes from the Latin verb mittere, literally
meaning "to send".
N
They are basically rockets which are meant for destructive purposes
only.
Missiles differ from rockets by virtue of a guidance system that
steers them towards a pre-selected target.
Missiles are often used in warfare as a means of delivering
destructive force (usually inthe formof an explosive warhead) upon
a target.
Aside from explosives, other possible types of destructive missile
payloads are various forms of chemical or biological agents, nuclear
warheads, or simple kinetic energy (where the missile destroys the
target by the force of striking it at high speed).
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HISTORY OF MISSILES
Rockets were invented in medieval China (1044 AD) but its first
practical use for serious purpose took place in 1232 AD by the
Chinese against theMongols.
There after Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan (Sultan of Mysore in south
India) perfected the rocket's use for military purposes, very effectively
using it in war against British colonial armies.
At the Battle of Seringapatanam in 1792, Indian soldiers launched a
huge barrage of rockets againstBritish troops, followed by a huge
massacre of British forces.

Portrait of Tipu
Sultan
Sultan of Mysore, present day
Karnataka,
India
Unlike contemporary rockets whose
combustion chamber was made of wood
(bamboo), Tipu's rockets (weighing between
2.2 to 5.5 kg) used iron cylinder casings that
allowed greater pressure, thrust and range
(1.5 to 2.5 Km). The British were greatly
impressed by the Mysorean rockets using iron
tubes.
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MISSILES IN MODERN INDIA

After regaining independence in
1947, India focused all its energy in
nation building, primarily on
economic and industrial
development fully understanding
the key role of science and
technology.
Indian rocketry was reborn, thanks
to the farsighted technological
vision of Prime Minister Pundit
Jawaharlal Nehru.
Professor Vikram Sarabhai took
the challenge of realizing this
dream.
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 Hon. President of India Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam played a key engineering role in
realizing both the Indian SLV-3 space launcher as well as the Prithvi and Agni
missiles.
Initial missile programs like Project Devil (a theatre ballistic missile) and Project
Valiant (an intercontinental ballistic missile) were scattered and stymied by many
issues. But the success of all our missile programs including BRAHMOS makes
up for the shelved old projects.

Agni missile.
Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

MISSILE COMPONENTS
Guided missiles are made up of a series of subassemblies. The major
sections are carefully joined and connected to each other. They form the
complete missile assembly.

The major components of a missile are:

WARHEAD
FUSING
GUIDANCE SYSTEM
PROPULSION SYSTEM
FINS
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WARHEAD

A warhead is an explosive device used in military conflicts, used to destroy

enemy vehicles or buildings.
Typically, a warhead is delivered by a missile , rocket or torpedo. It consists
of the explosive material, and a detonator.

Types of warhead :-

Explosive: An explosive charge is used to disintegrate the target, and

damage surrounding areas with a shockwave.
Chemical: A toxic chemical, such as nerve gas is dispersed, which is
designed to injure or kill human beings.
Biological: An infectious agent, such as anthrax is dispersed, which is
designed to sicken and kill humans.
Nuclear: A runawaynuclear fissionorfusionreaction causes immense
energy release.
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Fragmentation: Metal fragments are projected at high velocity to cause

damage or injury.
Shaped Charge: The effect of the explosive charge is focused onto a specially
shaped metal liner to project a hypervelocity jet of metal, to perforate
heavyarmour.

Fig.- A NUCLEAR
WARHEAD

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FUSING

It includes those devices and arrangements that cause the missile's payload
to function in proper relation to the target.
There are two general types of fuzes used in
guided missiles proximity fuzes and contact fuzes.

Some common methods of fusing are:-

Radio frequency sensing

The shell contains a micro transmitterwhich uses the shell body as

anantennaand emits a continuous wave of roughly 180220MHz .
As the shell approaches a reflecting object, an interference pattern is
created.
This causes a small oscillation of the radiated power and consequently
the oscillator supply current of about 200800Hz, the
Dopplerfrequency. This signal is sent through aband pass filter ,
amplified, and triggers the detonation when it exceeds a given
amplitude.

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Optical sensing
Based on the use of petoscope which is anoptoelectronicdevice for
detecting small, distant objects such as flying aircraft.
modernair-to-air missilesuselasers. They project narrow beams of laser
light perpendicular to the flight of the missile.

Magnetic sensing can only be applied to detect huge masses of

iron such as ships. It is used in mines and torpedoes. Fuzes of this type can
be defeated bydegaussing, using non-metal hulls for ships
(especiallyminesweepers) or bymagnetic inductionloops fitted to aircraft
or towed buoys.
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Acoustic sensing

used a microphone in a missile.

The characteristic frequency of an aircraft engine is filtered and triggers
the detonation.
Naval mines can also use acoustic sensing, with modern versions able
to be programmed to "listen" for the signature of a specific ship.

Pressure wave sensing

Some naval mines are able to detect the pressure wave of a ship passing
overhead.

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GUIDANCE SYSTEM
Missiles may be targeted in a number of ways. The
most common method is to use some form
ofradiation , such asinfrared ,lasers orradio
waves , to guide the missile onto its target.
There are two types of guidance system
i. fire-and-forget
ii. Another method is to use aTV camerausing
eithervisible light or infra-redin order to see the
target.

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Some methods of target detection are:-

Laser Guidance - Alaser designatordevice calculates relative position to a

highlighted target. Most are familiar with the military uses of the technology
onLaser-guided bomb. The space shuttle crew leverages a hand held device to feed
information into rendezvous planning. The primary limitation on this device is that
it requires aline of sightbetween the target and the designator.

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Terrain contour matching

(TERCOM)- This method uses a

ground scanning radar to "match"

topography against digital map data
to fix current position. Used by cruise
missiles such as theBGM-109
Tomahawk.

Infrared homing: This form of

guidance is used exclusively for

military munitions, specificallyairto-airandsurface-to-air missiles.
The missiles seeker head homes in
on theinfrared(heat) signature from
the targets engines (hence the term
heat-seeking missile).

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Celestial navigation

It is a position fixing technique that was devised to help sailors.

The Sun is most often measured. Skilled navigators can use the Moon,
planets or one of 57 navigational stars whose coordinates are tabulated
in nautical almanacs.

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Long-range Navigation (LORAN): This was the

predecessor of GPS and was (and to an extent still is) used primarily in
commercial sea transportation. The system works bytriangulatingthe ship's
position based on directional reference to knowntransmitters.

Wire-Guidance -A wire-guided missile is a missile guided by

signals sent to it via thin wires reeled out during flight.

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Global Positioning System(GPS)

GPS was designed by the US military. GPS transmits 2 signal types: military
and a commercial. GPS is a system of 24 satellites orbiting in unique planes
10.9-14.4 Nautical miles above the earth. The Satellites are in well defined
orbits and transmit highly accurate time information which can be used to
triangulate position.

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PROPULSION SYSTEM

Guided missiles use some form of jet power for propulsion.

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ATMOSPHERIC JET PROPULSION SYSTEM.There

are three types of atmospheric jet propulsion systemsthe turbojet, pulsejet,

and ramjet engines. Of these three systems, only the turbojet engine is
currently being used in Navy air-launched missiles.
The various methods are as follows:-

TURBOJET
Theturbojetis the oldest kind of general-purposeair breathing jet
engine.
Compared toturbofans, turbojets are quite inefficient if flown below
about Mach 2and are verynoisy.

As a result, most modern aircraft use turbofans instead for economic

reasons, although turbojets are still common in medium rangecruise
missiles, due to their high exhaust speed, low frontal area, and relative
simplicity.
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Fig.-TURBOJET

Fig.-RAMJET

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RAMJET
Aramjet uses the engine's forward motion to compress incoming air,
without a rotary compressor.
Ramjets cannot produce thrust at zero airspeed, thus they cannot move an
aircraft from a standstill .
Ramjets work most efficiently atsupersonicspeeds aroundMach3. This
type of engine can operate up to speeds of Mach6.
Ramjets can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and
simple mechanism for high-speed use, such asmissilesor artillery shells.
They have also been used successfully, though not efficiently, astip jetson
the end ofhelicopterrotors.
Ramjets employ a continuous combustion process.
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PULSEJET - Apulse jet engine(orpulsejet) is a type ofjet enginein which

combustion occurs inpulses. Pulsejet engines can be made with few or
nomoving parts ,and are capable of running statically. Pulse jet engines are
a lightweight form of jet propulsion, but usually have a poorcompression
ratio , and hence give a lowspecific impulse. One notable line of research of
pulsejet engines includes thepulse detonation enginewhich involves
repeated detonations in the engine, and which can potentially give high
compression and good efficiency.

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ROCKET Thermal jets include solid propellant, liquid propellant, and combined
propellant systems.

Liquid Propellant - Liquid fuel is used in space vehicles and satellites and
that this fuel is put into the tanks of the space vehicles immediately before
launching. A missile cannot wait to be fueled when it is needed for defense
or offense-it must be ready. That is one of the reasons why solid propellants
have replaced liquid propellants in most of our missiles.

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Solid Propellant Engines- The combustion chamber of a solid propellant

rocket contains the charge of solid propellant. Solid propellant charges are
of two basic types: restricted burning and unrestricted burning.

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HYBRID PROPULSION
A hybrid engine combines the use of liquid and solid propellants.
The liquid is the oxidizer and the solid is the propellant.
Ignition is usually hypergolic, that is, spontaneous ignition takes place
upon contact of the oxidizer with the propellant.
The combustion chamber is within the solid grain, as in a solid-fuel
rocket; the liquid portion is in a tank with pumping equipment as in a
liquid-fuel rocket.
Combustion takes place on the inside surface of the solid fuel, after the
liquid fuel is injected, and the combustion products are exhausted
through the nozzle to produce the thrust as in other rockets

Liquid Propellant + Solid Propellant Engines = HYBRID PROPULSION

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PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
TRACKING :-
To target the missile by knowing the
location of the target, and using a
guidance system such asinertial
navigation system(INS),TERCOMorGPS.
This job can also be performed somewhat
crudely by a human operator who can see
the target and the missile, and guides it
using either cable orradiobased remotecontrol, or by anautomatic systemthat
can simultaneously track the target and
the missile.

GUIDANCE It involves guiding the missile to the target

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FLIGHT
The working of a missile is based on the Newtons Third Law i.e. Action
and reaction are equal and opposite
The propulsion of a missile is achieved with the help of a rocket engine.
It produces thrust by ejecting very hot gaseous matter, called propellant.
The hot gases are produced in the combustion chamber of the rocket
engine by chemical reactions.
The propellant is exhausted through a nozzle at a high speed. This
exhaust causes the rocket to move in the opposite direction (Newton's
third law).
MISSILE AERODYNAMICS - Guided missiles launched from surface
ships have their flight paths within the earth's atmosphere, so it is
important that you understand some basic aerodynamic principles.
Aerodynamics may be defined as the science that deals with the motion of
air and other gases, and with the forces acting on bodies moving through
these gases.
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MISSILE CLASSIFICATION

Guided missiles are classified according to their range, speed, and launch
environment, mission, and vehicle type.
Range:Long-range guided missiles are usually capable of traveling a distance of at
least 100 miles. Short-range guided missiles often do not exceed the range
capabilities of long-range guns.
Speed:The speed capability of guided missiles is expressed in Mach numbers. A
Mach number is the ratio of the speed of an object to the speed of sound in
the medium through which the object is moving. Under standard
atmospheric conditions, sonic speed is about 766 miles per hour (Mach 1.0).
Guided missiles are classified according to their speed as shown below:
SubsonicUp to Mach 0.8
TransonicMach 0.8 to Mach 1.2
SupersonicMach 1.2 to Mach 5.0
HypersonicAbove Mach 5.0

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MISSILE DESIGNATION

The Department of Defense established a missile and rocket designation

sequence. The basic designation of every guided missile are letters, which
are in sequence. The sequence indicates the following:
1. The environment from which the vehicle is launched
2. The primary mission of the missile
3. The type of vehicle
Examples of guided missile designators common to the Aviation Ordnance
man are as follows:
Designator
Meaning
AGM
Air-launched, surface-attack, guided missile
AIM

Air-launched, intercept-aerial, guided missile

ATM

Air-launched, training guided missile

RIM

Ship-launched, intercept-aerial, guided missile

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A design number follows the basic designator. In turn, the number may be
followed by consecutive letters, which show a modification. For example,
the designation of AGM-88C means the missile is an air-launched (A),
surface-attack (G), missile (M),eighty-eighty missile design (88), third
modification (C). In addition, most guided missiles are given popular
names, such as Sparrow, Sidewinder, and Harpoon. These names are
retained regardless of subsequent modifications to the original missile.

MISSILE IDENTIFICATION

The external surfaces of all Navy guided missiles , except random and
antenna surfaces, are painted white. The color white has no identification
color-coding significance when used on guided missiles. There are three
significant color codes used on guided missiles and their components
yellow, brown, and blue. These color codes indicate the explosive hazard in
the missile component. If components are painted blue on a practice missile
and have a yellow or brown band painted on them, the component has an
explosive component that doesn't have a comparable part in a service
missile.
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TYPES OF MISSILES ON THE BASIS OF MODE OF FIRE

Anair-to-air missile(AAM) is amissilefired from anaircraftfor the
purpose of destroying another aircraft.

Astra missile of Indian army

F-22A Raptor ,.

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Anair-to-surface missile(ASM) orair-to-ground missile(AGMorATGM)

is amissile designed to be launched frommilitaryaircraft(bombers , attack
aircraft,fighter aircraftor other kinds) and strike ground targets on land, at
sea, or both.
Silkworm , US .

Storm Shadow by France

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Ananti-ballistic missile(ABM) is amissiledesigned to counterballistic

missiles. Ballistic missiles are used to
delivernuclear,chemical,biologicalor conventionalwarheads in
aballisticflighttrajectory. The term "anti-ballistic missile" describes any
antimissile system designed to counter ballistic missiles. However, the term
is used more commonly for systems designed to counterintercontinental
ballistic missiles(ICBMs).
A Standard
Missile
Three (SM-3) ,U.S.
Navy ballistic
missile flight test.

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the Prithvi Air Defence(PAD)

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Anti-satellite weapons(ASAT) are designed to incapacitate or

destroysatellitesfor strategic military purposes. Currently, only theUnited
States, the formerSoviet Union, and thePeople's Republic of Chinaare
known to have developed these weapons.

Standard Missile - 3 (SM-3)

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Anti-ship missilesareguided missilesthat are designed for use against

ships and large boats. Most anti-ship missiles are of thesea skimming
variety, and many use a combination ofinertial guidanceandradar homing.

RGM-84 surface
-to-surface
Harpoon
missile.

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Ananti-submarine missileis a standoff weapon including

arocketdesigned to rapidly deliver anexplosivewarheador
homingtorpedofrom the launch platform to the vicinity of asubmarine.

Ikara dummy missile onboard HMAS

Stuart(DE-48) off the New South Wales
coast. The ship in the distance is a Japanese
Guided Missile Destroyer, visiting for
Australia's Bicentennial Naval
Salute/Bicentennial Naval Review in
September/October 1988.

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Ananti-tank missile(ATM),anti-tank guided missile(ATGM),anti-tank

guided weapon(ATGW) oranti-armor guided weapon, is
aguidedmissileprimarily designed to hit and destroy heavilyarmoredmilitary vehicles.

Nag missile and

the Nag missile
Carrier Vehicle
(NAMICA),Antitank Guided
missile developed
by DRDO.

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Aland-attack missileis a navalsurface-to-surface missilethat is capable of

effectively attacking targets ashore, unlike specializedanti-ship missiles,
which are optimized for striking other ships. Some dual-role missiles are
suitable for both missions.

Cruise missile
BrahMos shown on
IMDS-2007, owned
By India

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Asurface-to-air missile(SAM), orground-to-air missile(GTAM), is

amissiledesigned to be launched from the ground to destroyaircraftor
other missiles. It is one type ofanti-aircraft system; in modern armed forces
missiles have replaced most other forms of dedicated anti-aircraft weaponry,
with theanti-aircraft cannonpushed into niche roles.

Two SA-2 Guideline

(S-75 Dvina) missiles
in the National
Museum of Military
History in Sofia

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Asurface-to-surface missile(SSM) orground-to-ground missile(GGM) is

amissiledesigned to be launched from the ground or the sea and strike
targets on land or at sea. They may be fired from hand-held or vehicle
mounted devices, from fixed installations, or from a ship.

RPG-7with warhead
detached

BGM-71 TOW , variant M220,

SABER.U.S. Army
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Awire-guided missileis amissilethat is guided by signals sent to it via

thin wires connected between the missile and its guidance mechanism,
which is located somewhere near the launch site .

A Stryker vehicle
crew belonging to
the
4th Brigade, 2nd
Infantry Division,
fires a TOW missile
during the brigade's
rotation through
Fort Polk's, Joint
Readiness Training
Center

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Aballistic missileis amissilethat follows aballisticflight pathwith the

objective of delivering one or morewarheadsto a predetermined target.
Shorter range ballistic missiles stay within theEarth's atmosphere, while
longer range ones are designed to spend some of their flight time above the
atmosphere and are thus consideredsub-orbital.

United States Trident II (D-5) missile

underwater launch.

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Acruise missileis aguided missile, the major portion of whose flight path
to its target (a land-based or sea-based target) is conducted at approximately
constant velocity; that relies on the dynamic reaction of air for lift, and upon
propulsion forces to balance drag.

Shaurya missile (left) and BrahmosII(model) (top) by Government of India.

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THANK YOU
ANY QUESTIONS ?
Reference : www.google.com

GUIDED MISSILES , by - T V Karthikeyan & A K Kapoor ,

Scientists Defense Research &- Development Laboratory,
Hyderabad , Defense Scientific Information & Documentation
Centre (DESIDOC) , Ministry of Defense, DRDO

PRINCIPLES OF MISSILE FLIGHT AND JET PROPULSION

PRINCIPLES OF GUIDED MISSILES AND NUCLEAR

WEAPONS, by BUREAU OF NAVAL PERSONNEL OF U.S
NAVY ,Prepared and produced by the U. S. Navy Training
Publications Center under direction of the Bureau of Naval
Personnel

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