CHEMISTRY FORM 4

CHAPTER 9
MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

PREPARED BY
CIK TAN LAY GUAT

SYNTHETIC
POLYMERS

What is polymers??
Polymers are large molecules made up of many

identical repeating sub-units called monomers which

are joined together by covalent bond.
Monomers are joined into chains by a process of repeated
linking known as

polymerisation.

POLYMER
Polymers are divided into
(a) Natural polymers

(b) Synthetic polymers

Natural polymers are usually found in

living things.
Starch, cellulose, wool, protein, silk, and

natural rubber are some examples of natural

occuring polymers.

NATURAL POLYMERS
Collagen
Gelatin
Keratin
Silk
Wool
Cellulose
Natural Rubber
DNA

SYNTHETIC POLYMER

Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers.

The

monomers are usually obtained from

petroleum, coal and natural gas after going
through the refining and cracking process.

Examples

of synthetic polymers are

polythene, polyvinyl chloride or PVC,
polypropene, Perspex, nylon and terylene.

POLYMER
There

are two types of polymerization:

(a)Addition polymerization
(b) Condensation polymerization

In the addition reaction, one molecule adds

to another, forming single covalent bonds.

POLYMER
Monomers

without carbon-carbon double bonds

are joined together through condensation
polymerization.

Two

important groups of fibres such as

polyamides (nylon) and polysters (terylene) are
produced through condensation polymerization.

In

the condensation reaction, small molecules

such as water molecule, H2O or ammonia
molecule, NH3 are eliminated.

MONOMERS IN SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

SYNTHETIC
POLYMERS

MONOMERS

USES

Ethene

Plastic bags,shopping bags,

plastic containers and insulation
for electrical wiring.

Polypropene

Propene

Piping, bottle crates, carpets, car

batteries and and ropes.

Polyvinyl
chloride, PVC

Chloroethene

Artificial leather, water pipes and

records.

Perspex

Methylmethacrylate

Safety glass, reflectors, tracffic

sign and lens.

Terylene

Hexane-1,6-diol
Benzene-1,4dicarboxylic acid

Clothing, sails andropes.

Hexane-1,6-diamine
Hexane-1,6-dioic acid

Ropes, clothing and carpets.

Polythene

Nylon

POLYMER

Polythene

Perspex

Polyvinyl cholride, PVC

Biodegradable plastic bag

ALLOY

What is Alloys??

Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed

composition in which the major component is a metal.
Characteristics of alloy are:

STRONGER
HARDER
RESISTANT TO CORROSION
HAVE A BETTER FINISH
&
LUSTROUS

ARRANGEMENT OF ATOM IN
METALS
Pure metals are soft.
Pure metals are made up of the same
type and size of metals
The arrangement of the atoms in
metals give the metals their ductile and
malleable properties.
The orderly arrangement of atoms in
metals enable the layers of atoms
slide on one another when force
applied.

Metals are ductile

Metals are malleable

 Pure

metals are rather soft because when a

force is applied, one layer of atoms can
slide over another.
Metals are ductile or can be stretched.

ALLOYS

Two soft metals can be mixed together to make

a stronger metal called alloy.

An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements

with a certain fixed composition in which the major
component is a metal.

The aim of making alloys is to make them stronger,

harder, resistant to corrosion, have a better furnish and
luster.

Alloys such as bronze, brass, steel, stainless steel,

duralumin and pewter are commonly used in our daily lives.

Pure metal A

Pure metal B

Alloy

The formation of alloy

The composition, properties and uses of some alloys

Alloy
Bronze

Composition

90% copper
10% tin

Properties

Uses

Hard and strong

Does not corrode
easily
Has shiny surface

Building of statues or
monuments
Making of medals,
swords and artistic
materials

Brass

70% copper
30% zinc

Harder than copper

Making of musical
instruments

Steel

99% iron
1% carbon

Hard and strong

Building of body car,

railway trucks

Stainless
steel

74% iron
8% carbon
18% chromium

Shiny
Strong
Does not rust

Making of cutlery
Making of surgical
instruments

Duralumin

93%aluminium
3% copper
3% magnesium
15 manganese

Light
Strong

Aircraft

Pewter

96% tin
3% copper
1% antimony

Lustre
Shiny
Strong

Making of souvenirs

ALLOYS
The

uses of each different type of alloys

depend on the properties of the alloy.

For

example, cutlery is made of stainless

steel because stainless steel is shinny and
does not rust.

ALLOYS
The

aim of alloying is:

To improve the appearance of a pure metal

To improve the strength and hardness of a pure

metal.

To increase the resistance to corrosion of a pure

metal.

ALLOYS
May

contain mixtures of metals or mixtures of

metals and non-metals.

Foreign

atoms added may be larger or smaller

than the atoms of the pure metal.

The

presence of foreign atoms that are different

sizes disturb the orderly arrangement of metal
atoms.

This

reduces the layers of atoms from sliding

over one another. Thus, an alloy is stronger and
harder than its pure metal.

ALLOYS

Bronze

Brass

Steel

Stainless steel

Duralumin

Pewter

GLASS
Glass

is made from sand. Evidence has

shown that glass has been used for more
than 3000 years.

The

major component of glass is silica or

silicon dioxide, SiO2..

GLASS

GLASS
Silicon

dioxide is the second most abundant

elements in the Earthcrust. It is commonly found
in sand.

The

most common way of preparing glass is to

heat the sand to the temperature of 1700 degree
celsius. The molten liquid obtained is then
cooled quickly so that it solidifies to produce
glass.

GLASS
During

rapid cooling, the particles in the liquid do

not have time to return to its original crystalline
arrangement.

They

occupy randomly arranged lattice sites and

results in an amorphous solid.

This

amorphous structure makes the glass

brittle.

GLASS

The

5 main characteristics of glass are :

Hard but brittle

Chemically inert

Transparent and impermeable.(non-porous)

Good heat and electrical insulators

GLASS
There

are four types of glasses:

Soda- lime glass (soft- glass)

The most common and least expensive glass.

Lead crystal glass ( soft-glass)

Borosilicate glass (hardest glass)

Fused glass (hardest glass)

The simplest and most expensive glass

Soda-Lime Glass
The

most common glass found around the

house is the soda-lime glass.

It

is made by heating sand with limestone,

CaCO3 or sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.

Can

be melted at a relatively low

temperature. Thus, it is easy to be shaped
and has a good chemical durability.

Soda-Lime Glass

It also has a high thermal and contracts a lot

too when it is cooled. However, it does not
withstand heat.

Used

to make flat glass, electrical bulbs,

mirrors and all kinds of glass containers.

Soda-Lime Glass

Lead Crystal Glass

Lead

crystal glass is normally called crystal

or lead glass.

It

is made by substituting lead oxide, PbO for

calcium oxide, CaO and often for part of the
silica, SiO2 used in soda-lime glass.

It

is soft, and easy to melt and is more

expensive than soda-lime glass.

Lead Crystal Glass

Used

for the fitness tableware, lead crystal

glassware and art objects.

It

is suitable for fine crystal because it is

optical transparent and contains much more
lead.

Lead Crystal Glass

Boronsilicate Glass
When

boron oxide, B2O3 is added to sodalime glass, borosilicate glass is formed.

Borosilicate

glass has a lower thermal

expansion coefficient. It is about three times
as heat- resistant as soda-lime glass.

It

is also more resistant to chemical attacks

compared to soda-lime glass because it
contains less alkali.

Boronsilicate Glass
Thus,

borosilicate glass is excellent to be

used in cookware, laboratory glassware and
automobile headlights.

It

is also used in glass pipelines and

applications which require superior
resistance to thermal shock and greater
chemical durability.

Boronsilicate Glass

Fused Glass
Among

all different types of glass used in our

daily lives, fused glass is the simplest glass.
It is mainly silica, SiO2.

Fused
It

glass is a highly heat- resistant glass.

can be heated to an extremely high

temperature and then can be plunged into
icy, cold water without cracking.

Fused Glass
It

is expensive, yet it is still widely used

because of its great purity, optical
transparency, high temperature and chemical
durability as well as resistance to thermal
shock.

These

properties make it appropriate to be

used as laboratory glassware, lenses,
telescope mirrors and optical fibres.

Fused Glass

GLASS
Below

are the production methods,

compositions, properties and uses of
various types of glass.

CERAMICS
Clay

pots, bricks, tiles and mugs are examples of

ceramics.

Ceramics

are made from clay, for example

kaolin, a hydrated aluminiumsilicate,
Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O. When the clay is heated to
a very high temperature, they undergo a series
of chemical reactions and are hardened
permanently to form ceramics.

Unlike

glass, ceramics can withstand high

temperature and do not melt easily.

CERAMICS
The

main characteristics of ceramic are :

Extremely hard but brittle

Chemically inert

Opague and porous

Withstand compression

Good heat and electrical insulators

CERAMICS
Properties

and uses of ceramics

CERAMICS