Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Packet Radio
Frequency Division Multiple Access
Time Division Multiple Access
Code Division Multiple Access
Space Division Multiple Access
Cellular System
MA Technique
FDMA / FDD
US DC ( U. S Digital Cellular )
TDMA / FDD
TDMA / FDD
CDMA / FDD
TDMA / FDD
C1 C2 CN
frequency
time
C1
4
C2
CN
frequency
Properties of FDMA
Bg
Bt 2Bg
Bt
Bc
Bg GuardBand
Bc ChannelBandwidth
Example
In the US, each cellular carrier is allocated 416
channels,
Bt 12.5MHz
Bg 10KHz
Bc 30KHz
N
8
416
time
C1
9
C2
CN
time
10
Slot 1
Trail Bit
11
Sync Bit
Slot N
12
TDMA properties
Data Transmission for user of TDMA system
occurs in discrete bursts
o
o
13
Efficiency of TDMA
Frame Efficiency
No.ofbits / frame containingtransmitted data
f
Total Numberof bits / frame
(1 bOH / bT ) 100
(bT bOH )
100
bT
14
=Tf R
Tf =Frame duration
R=Channel bit rate
16
m(Btot -2Bguard )
Bc
17
Example
The GSM System uses a TDMA frame structure
where each frame consist of 8 time slots, and
each time slot contains 156.25 bits, and data is
transmitted at 270.833 kbps in the channel.
Time duration of a bit
Time duration of a slot
Time duration of a frame
18
Solution
3.692 s
3
bit-rate 270.833 10
19
Example
If a normal GSM timeslot consists of 6 trailing bits,
8.25 guard bits, 26 training bits, and 2 traffic bursts of
58 bits of data, find the frame efficiency.
Solution
Time slot has 6+ 8.25+ 26 + 2(58) = 156.25 bits.
A frame has 8 * 156.25 = 1250 bits / frame.
21
Bandwidth available
22
Bt
Bc * N
BC = Channel bandwidth
CELL A
CELL A
CELL A
CELL A
23
6 S
Bc n / 2
3 I min
where n is the path loss exponent
S
I
S
I
24
2/n
25
26
N 1
W R
Eb
No
where W
27
28
Antenna Sectorization
A cell site with 3 antennas, each having a
beamwidth of 120 degrees , has one-third of
the interference received by omnidirectional antenna. This increases the
capacity by a factor of 3
Monitoring or Voice activity
Each transmitter is switched off during
period of no voice activity. Voice activity is
denoted by a factor
SNR Improvement
Eb
No
W R
Ns 1
29
SNR Improvement
W
R
1
Ns 1
,)0 1
Eb
(S )
N
o
Example
31
Solution
(a)
N 1
Eb
No
1.25 10
9600 0
1
10
1 13.02 14
32
Solution
(b) Users per sector
W
R
1
Ns 1
,)0 1
Eb
(S
N
o
33
1 1.25 10
9600 0
1
3
10
35.7
Solution
Total users N in 3 sectors
3Ns
3 35.7
107 users / cell
34
Wireless Networks
Presentation Outline
Wireless Technology overview
The IEEE 802.11 WLAN Standards
Secure Wireless LANs
Migrating to Wireless LANs (Cutting the cord)
Wireless?
A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area
Common Topologies
The wireless LAN connects to a wired LAN
There is a need of an access point that bridges wireless LAN traffic into the
wired LAN.
The access point (AP) can also act as a repeater for wireless nodes, effectively
doubling the maximum possible distance between nodes.
Common Topologies
Complete Wireless Networks
The physical size of the network is determined by the maximum reliable
protocols
They integrate into existing networks through
access points which provide a bridging function
They let you stay connected as you roam from one
coverage area to another
They have unique security considerations
They have specific interoperability requirements
They require different hardware
They offer performance that differs from wired
LANs.
Roaming
Users maintain a continuous connection as they roam from
Security
In theory, spread spectrum radio signals are
Interoperability
Before the IEEE 802.11 interoperability was based
Hardware
PC Card, either with integral antenna or with
Hardware
BreezeCOM AP
Performance
802.11a offers speeds with a theoretically maximum
What is 802.11?
A family of wireless LAN (WLAN) specifications
802.11f, 802.11i
802.11 - Transmission
Most wireless LAN products operate in unlicensed
radio bands
Easy to implement
Resistance to noise
Limited throughput (2-3 Mbps @ 2.4 GHz)
802.11a
Employs Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM)
802.11a Advantages
Ultra-high spectrum efficiency
5 GHz band is 300 MHz (vs. 83.5 MHz @ 2.4 GHz)
More data can travel over a smaller amount of bandwidth
High speed
Up to 54 Mbps
Less interference
Fewer products using the frequency
802.11a Disadvantages
Standards and Interoperability
Market
802.11a Disadvantages
Cost
Range
Power consumption
802.11a Applications
Building-to-building connections
Video, audio conferencing/streaming video,
and audio
Large file transfers, such as engineering
CAD drawings
Faster Web access and browsing
High worker density or high throughput scenarios
802.11a
802.11b
Up to 54 Mbps
(54, 48, 36, 24,18,
12 and 6 Mbps)
Up to 11 Mbps
(11, 5.5, 2, and
1 Mbps)
Range
50 Meters
100 Meters
Bandwidth
ISM (2.4000
2.4835 GHz range)
Modulation
OFDM technology
DSSS technology
802.11g
802.11g is a high-speed extension to 802.11b
Compatible with 802.11b
High speed up to 54 Mbps
2.4 GHz (vs. 802.11a, 5 GHz)
Using ODFM for backward compatibility
Adaptive Rate Shifting
802.11g Advantages
Provides higher speeds and higher capacity
in 2.4 GHz
Likely to be less costly than 5 GHz alternatives
Provides easy migration for current users of
802.11b WLANs
Authentication
Means:
Based on cryptography
Non-cryptographic
Both are identity-based verification mechanisms
(devices request access based on the SSID Service
Set Identifier of the wireless network).
Authentication
Authentication techniques
Privacy
Cryptographic techniques
WEP Uses RC4 symmetric key, stream cipher
Data Integrity
Data integrity is ensured by a simple encrypted
Security Problems
Security features in Wireless products are
Authentication Protocol
IEEE 802.1x Port-Based Network Access Control
RADIUS Authentication Support
EAP-MD5
EAP-TLS
EAP-TTLS
PEAP - Protected EAP
TKIP - Temporal Key Integrity Protocol
IEEE 802.11i
Essential Questions
Why is the organization considering wireless? Allows
Certification Program)
802.11a offers higher data rates (up to 54 mbps) ->
higher throughput per user. Limited interoperability.
Data rates
Data rates affect range
802.11b 1 to 11 Mbps in 4 increments
802.11a 6 to 54 Mbps in 7 increments
The minimum data rate must be determined at
design time
Selecting only the highest data rate will require a
greater number of APs to cover a specific area
Compromise between data rates and overall
system cost
cable.
Coax cable used for RF has a high signal loss,
should not be mounted more than a 1 or 2 meters
away from the device.
Placement: consider building construction, ceiling
height, obstacles, and aesthetics. Different
materials (cement, steel) have different radio
propagation characteristics.
to consider.
OSes like Windows XP and 2000, Linux support
DHCP to obtain the new IP address for the subnet.
Certain applications such as VPN will fail.
Solution: access points in a roaming area are on the
same segment.
Site Survey
Vendor Information
CISCO Systems Wireless
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/44/jump/wirel
ess.shtml
3Com Wireless
http://www.3com.com/products/en_US/prodlist.j
sp?tab=cat&pathtype=purchase&cat=13&selcat=Wi
reless+Products
Breeze Wireless Communications
http://www.breezecom.com
Lucent Technologies
http://www.wavelan.com
Symbol Technologies http://www.symbol.com
References
CISCO Packet Magazine, 2nd Quarter 2002
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/about/ac123/ac114/a
c173/ac168/about_cisco_packet_issue_home.html
3Com University Wireless LANs A Technology
Overview www.3com.com/3comu
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Wireless Network Security
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/draft-sp800
-48.pdf
Android
Android (contd.)
Android Mobile OS
http://cmer.cis.uoguelph.ca
Android
Background
Android is Linux based mobile OS for mobile devices such as Tablets and Smartphones.
In 2005 Google acquired the initial developer of the OS, Android Inc.
Then in 2007 Google formed an Open Handset Alliance with 86 hardware, software and
telecom companies.
This alliance developed and announced Android as an open source mobile OS under the
Apache License.
Now, this OS is being used by multiple device manufacturers (Samsung, Motorola, HTC, LG,
Sony etc) in their handsets
Android developer community has large number of developers preparing APPs in Java
environment and the APP store Google Play now has close to 450,000 APPs, among which
few are free and others are paid.
It is estimated that, as of December 2011, almost 10B APPs were downloaded.
It is estimated that as of February 2012 there are over 300M Android devices and
approximately 850,000 Android devices are activated every day.
The earliest recognizable Android version is 2.3 Gingerbread, which supports SIP and NFC.
In 2011 Android Honeycomb version (3.1 and 3.2) are released with focus on Tablets. This is
mainly focused on large screen devices.
Source: http://code.google.com/android/what-is-android.html
Android (contd.)
Main features
Handset layouts compatible with different handset designs such as larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D
graphics library based
Storage a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage
Connectivity - GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and WiMAX
Messaging SMS, MMS, threaded text messaging and Android Cloud To Device Messaging (C2DM)
Multiple language support
Web browser
Java support
Media support
Streaming media support
Additional hardware support
Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich
Multi-touch
Bluetooth
Released in October 2011, with new
calling
Videofeatures
such as facial recognition,
Multitasking
network data usage monitoring and
features unified social networking
Voice based
control,
Tethering
contacts.
Screen capture
External storage
http://code.google.com/android/what-is-android.html
iPhone OS
http://developer.apple.com/documentation/Darwin/Conceptual/KernelProgramming/Architecture/Architecture.html
iOS
About Apples Proprietary Mobile OS iOS
iOS is Apples proprietary mobile operating system initially developed for iPhone
iOS (contd.)
Main features
Home screen
Folders
Notification Center
Default APPs
Multitasking
Switching
applications
Game Centre
Mac OS X Architecture
Each
applicati
on has
4GB
space
Windows Mobile OS
BlackBerry Z10
http://ca.blackberry.com/smartphones/blackberry-z10.html?
LID=ca:bb:devices:blackberryz10:getdetails&LPOS=ca:bb:devices
BlackBerry OS
http://www.qnx.com/products/neutri
Motorola
Software patents for email
Barnes & Noble
Android OS on Nook ebook reader
Foxconn
Android OS
Inventec
Android OS
Microsoft hasnt
litigated nearly as
much as some other
companies.
Why might that be?
Summary
Android OS
iOS
Microsoft has a cost-saving approach to patent
litigation: licensing.
Next week: patenting wireless technologythe
important parts of a patent.