Module 7 - 1

Module 7

Metric Practices for

Welding Inspection
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Module 7 - 2

Metric System
Le System
Internationale
dUnites
or :

SI
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Module 7 - 3

Resistance to SI
Economic
Unfamiliarity
Not invented here
Requires effort
Others?

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Module 7 - 4

SI Advantages
Simple base units
Worldwide usage
Based on powers of 10
Simple decimal system

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Module 7 - 5

ANSI/AWS
A1.1 - 98

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Module 7 - 6

U.S. Customary System

Complicated
Awkward
Confusing
Used only by U.S.

But we are familiar with it, and we

love it!

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Module 7 - 7

U.S. System - 1 of 2
Length - Inch, foot, yard, etc.
Mass

- Ounce, pound, ton, etc.

Volume- Ounce, pint, quart, etc

Area

- Square feet, acre, etc

Others - Various units

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Module 7 - 8

U.S. System - 2 of 2
Conversion factors are not in multiples
of 10
12 inches per foot
36 inches per yard
5,280 feet per mile
1,760 yards per mile
et cetera, et cetera

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SI System - Table 7.1

Module 7 - 9

Only one unit for each type of

measurement
Length - Meter
Mass

- Kilogram

Volume - Liter
Area

- Square meters

Others - One base unit

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Module 7 - 10

AWS SI Version
Note: The true SI system uses the
gram (g) for mass but AWS in A1.198 has selected the kilogram (kg) as
the base unit for mass. This was
done to simplify the welding usage
of mass.

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SI System Prefixes - Table

7.2

Module 7 - 11

Based on powers of 10
Preferred units in multiples of 103
Kilo
Mega
Milli
Micro

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k
M
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- 1,000 103
- 1,000,000 106
- 1/1,000 10-3
- 1/1,000,000 10-6

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SI Welding Units - Table

7.3

Module 7 - 12

Deposition rate
Flow rate
Tensile strength
Travel speed
Wire feed speed
Pressure

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kg/hr
L/min
MPa
mm/s
mm/s
kPa

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Positive & Negative Numbers

- 1 of 2

Module 7 - 13

Addition and
Subtraction
5 added to 7 = 12
11 minus 6 = 5
5 added to a -7 = -2

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a -3 added to a -4
= -7
5 minus a -8 =
+13
a -8 minus a -4 =
-4
a -9 minus 6 =
-15

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Positive & Negative Numbers

- 2 of 2

Module 7 - 14

Multiplication and Division

(-6) x (-5) = +30
(-5) x (3) = -15
(-6) (2) = -3
(8) (-4) = -2
(-9) (-3) = +3

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Scientific Notation

Module 7 - 15

SN

Writing a number such that the

decimal point is always moved to the
immediate right of the first digit not
zero, and its relative size expressed
as an exponent (power of ten).

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Exponents - Positive
Powers of 10

Module 7 - 16

100 = 1 (by definition. Any number raised

to a zero power equals 1 ; e.g., 58 0 = 1)
101 = 10
102 = 100
103 = 1,000
106 = 1,000,000
Positive Exponents = Numbers greater than
1

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Exponents - Negative
Powers of 10

Module 7 - 17

100 = 1 (by definition. Any number raised

to a zero power equals 1 ; e.g., 25 0 = 1)
10-1 = 0.1
read as one tenth
10-2 = 0.01
read as one hundredth
10-3 = 0.001
read as one thousandth
10-6 = 0.000001
read as one millionth
Negative Exponents = Numbers less than 1

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Module 7 - 18

SN Examples
234 = 2.34 x 102
5,678 = 5.678 x 103
0.0234 = 2.34 x 10-2
0.000567 = 5.67 x 10-4
In the first answer example above,
2.34 is called the root, 10 is the
base, and the 2 is the exponent

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Module 7 - 19

SN Advantages
Simplifies very large numbers
Simplifies very small numbers
A decimal system
Based on powers of ten
Simplifies calculations

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Module 7 - 20

Conversion Example 1 & 2

70,000 psi = ?? Pa
(1 psi = 6,895
Pa)
70,000 x 6,895 = 482,650,000 Pa
= 4.8265 x 10+8 Pa
But UTS in metric is usually given in Mpa. So,
70,000 psi = ?? Mpa
(1 psi = 6.895 x 10 -3
MPa)
(70,000) x (6.895 x 10 -3 ) = 482.65 MPa

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Number Position & Name Ex. 3

Module 7 - 21

For the number: 1,234,567.987654

To the left of the
decimal :
7 in units position
6 in tens position
5 in hundreds position
4 in thousands position
3 in ten thousands
2 in hundred thousands
1 in millionths position

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To the right of the

decimal :
9 in tenths position
8 in hundredths position
7 in thousandths position
6 in ten thousandths
5 in hundred thousandths
4 in millionths
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Exponential Multiplication
- Ex. 4

Module 7 - 22

Multiply the two roots in the normal fashion, and

then add exponent powers to get exponent
value :
(2.0 x 103) x
(1.0 x 108) x
(3.5 x 10-3) x
(5 x 102)
x
= 6.0

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(1.5 x 105)
(4.5 x 107)
(2.0 x 106)
(12 x 10-6)
x 10-3

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= 3.0 x 108
= 4.5 x 1015
= 7.0 x 103
= 60 x 10-4 or, as follows:

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Exponential Division - Ex.

5

Module 7 - 23

Divide the two roots in the normal fashion,

and then subtract the second exponent
from the first to get final exponent value :
(3.0
(6.0
(4.5
(8.0

x
x
x
x

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104 )
10-7 )
104 )
10 -6 )

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(1.5 x 102 )
(3.0 x 103 )
(1.5 x 10 -5 )
(2.0 x 10 -9 )

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= 2.0 x 102
= 2.0 x 10 -10
= 3.0 x 109
= 4.0 x 103

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Addition With Exponents Ex. 6

Module 7 - 24

Same exponent required prior to adding;

usually change the exponent of the smaller
value for ease of operation :
(2.3 x 104 ) + (3.54 x 105 ) = ??
(0.23 x 105 ) + (3.54 x 105 )
= 3.77 x 105
(3.78 x 10-6 ) + (7.45 x 10-4 )
= ??
(0.0378 x 10-4 ) + (7.45 x 10-4 ) = 7.4878 x 10
-4

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Subtraction With Exponents

- Ex. 7

Module 7 - 25

Same exponent required prior to adding;

usually change the exponent of the smaller
value for ease of operation :
(7.8 x 106 ) - (9.4 x 104 )
= ??
(7.8 x 106 ) - (0.094 x 106 ) = 7.706 x 106
(3.9
(3.9

x 10-4 )
x 10 -4 )

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(6.1 x 10 -5 )
= ??
(0.61 x 10 -4 )= 3.29 x 10

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Module 7 - 26

Rounding Off Rules

Rule 1 - Increase the last retained
digit by one if the next digit to its
right is 5 or larger
Rule 2 - Retain the last digit
unchanged if the next digit to its
right is less than 5.

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Module 7 - 27

Rounding Off - Example 8

8,937 = 9,000 Rounded
nearest thousand
8,937 = 8,900 Rounded
nearest hundred
8,937 = 8,940 Rounded
nearest ten

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Module 7 - 28

Rounding Off - Example 9

4.4638 = 4 Rounded to the nearest unit

4.4638 = 4.5
Rounded to the nearest
tenth
4.4638 = 4.46
Rounded to the nearest
hundredth
4.4638 = 4.464 Rounded to the nearest
thousandth

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Module 7 - 29

Rounding Errors
Rounding should always be done in
a single step to avoid rounding
errors.

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Module 7 - 30

Metric Prefixes
Metric prefixes can substitute for
the exponential form to simplify
handling large or small numbers.

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Module 7 - 31

Metric Prefix Example 10

456,000,000 Pa = 456
MPa
56 km = 56,000 m
234,000 mm
= 234
m
456 g = 0.456 kg

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Module 7 - 32

Conversion Factors
To aid in converting values from
one system to another, conversion
tables have been prepared.

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Module 7 - 33

Conversion Example 11
Convert 40.0 psi to kPa
Conversion factor, psi to kPa = 6.895
40.0 x 6.895 = 275.8 kPa
275.8 kPa rounds to 2.76 x 102 kPa

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Module 7 - 34

Conversion Example 12
Convert 625 MPa to psi
Conversion factor, MPa to psi = 1.450 x
102
625 MPa x 1.450 x 102
102
= 9.06 x 104 psi

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= 906.25 x

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Module 7 - 35

Conversion Example 13
Convert 5/32 (0.156) to mm
Conversion factor, inches to mm =
25.4
0.156 x 25.4
= 3.9624 mm
= 3.96 mm

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Module 7 - 36

Conversion Example 14
Convert 7.3 kg/h to lb/h
Conversion factor, kg/h to lb/h =
2.205
7.3 x 2.205 = 16.0965 lb/h
= 16 lb/h

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Module 7 - 37

Temperature Conversion
Convert 1000 C to 0F
Conversion Factor (formula) is :
(0C x 1.8) + 32 = 0F
(100 x 1.8) + 32 = 180 + 32
= 212 F

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Module 7 - 38

Temperature Conversion
Convert 1000 F to 0C
Conversion Factor (formula) is :
(0F - 32) 1.8 = 0C
(100 - 32) 1.8 = 68 1.8
= 37.8 0C

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Module 7 - 39

Style and Usage - A1.1

Use prefixes where possible
Use steps of 1,000
Do not mix, unless warranted
Capitalization rules
Plurals
Punctuation
Number grouping

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