BIOSTATISTICS FOR MPH

Instructor:
Khalil- ur- Rahman

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Methods
Of
Presentation of Data

Lecture 3: Presentation of Data

In this lecture we will discuss about

Classification, Different Methods of
Presentation of Data.

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Topics to be discussed in this Lecture

PRESENTATION OF DATA
Introduction
Classification
Aims of classification
Basic principles of classification
Different Methods of Presentation of Data
Numerical presentation
Graphical presentation
Mathematical presentation

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Classification:
Collected data is usually in a form which is
not easy to comprehend. For example,
marks of 1000 students of college in their
Matriculation.
The process of arranging of data into classes
or categories according to some common
characteristics present in the data is called
Classification.

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Aims / Objectives of Classification

To condense the mass of data.

To enable grasping of data
To prepare the data for tabulation
To study the Relationship.
To facilitate comparison.

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Rules / Types of Classification

The nature of classification depends upon the
purpose and objective of Investigation.
The following are some very common types of
classification.
1.Geographical (or spatial) classification when data
is classified according to Geographical Location.
2.Chronological classification when data is
classified according to time of occurrence.
3.Qualitative classification when data is classified
according to some quality/attribute.
4.Quantitative classification when data is classified
according to some measureable characteristics.
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Rules / Types of Classification

Data can be classified in one, two, three or
more characteristics at a time.
When data is classified by one
characteristic e.g. population classified by
religion, one way classification.
When data is classified by two
characteristics e.g. population classified
by height and weight, two way classification.
In the same way when data is classified by
three characteristics three way
classification and classified by many
characteristics - many fold classification.
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Methods of presentation of data

Numerical presentation
Graphical presentation
Mathematical presentation

Frequency Distribution
A frequency distribution is an
arrangement of the values that one or
more variables take in a sample. Each
entry in the table contains the frequency
or count of the occurrences of values
within a particular group or interval, and
in this way, the table summarizes the
distribution of values in the sample.

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1- Numerical Presentation
Tabular presentation (simple complex)
Simple frequency distribution Table (S.F.D.T.)
Title
Name of variable
(Units of variable)
- Categories
Total

Frequency

Table (II): Distribution of 50 patients at the surgical

department of Alexandria hospital in March 2014.
According to their Age
Age
(years)
20
30
40
50

- < 30
+

Total

Frequenc
y

12
18
5
15

24
36
10
30

50

100

Complex frequency distribution Table

Table (III): Distribution of 20 lung cancer patients at
the chest department of Alexandria hospital and 40
controls in May 2008 according to smoking
Smokin
g
Smoker
Non
smoker
Total

Lung cancer
Cases
Control
No.
%
No.
%

Total
No.

15

75%

20%

23

25%

32

80%

37

20

100

40

100

60

%
38.3
3
61.6
7
100

Complex frequency distribution Table

Table (IV): Distribution of 60 patients at the chest

department of Alexandria hospital in May 2008
according to smoking & lung cancer
Smoking
Smoker
Non smoker
Total

Lung cancer
positive
negative
No. %
No.
%

No.

15 65.2

Total

34.8

23

100

13.5

32

86.5

37

100

20 33.3

40

66.7

60

100

2- Graphical
presentation

Line graph
Frequency polygon
Frequency curve
Histogram
Bar graph
Scatter plot
Pie chart

Line Graph
A graph that uses points connected by
lines to show how something changes in
value (as time goes by, or as something
else happens).

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Line Graph
Year
1960

MMR
50

1970

45

1980

26

1990

15

2000

12

Figure (1): Maternal Mortality Rate of

(country), 1960-2000

Frequency polygon
A graph of a frequency distribution with
values of the variable on the x-axis and
the number of observations on the yaxis; data points are plotted at the
midpoints of the intervals and are
connected with a straight line.

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Frequency polygon
Age
(years)
20 - 30
30 - 40
40 - 50
50 60
60 - 70
Total

Sex
Males Females
3 (12%)
9 (36%)
7 (8%)
4 (16%)
2 (8%)
25(100%
)

2 (10%)
6 (30%)
5 (25%)
3 (15%)
4 (20%)
20(100%
)

Mid-point of
interval
(20+30) / 2 = 25
(30+40) / 2 = 35
(40+50) / 2 = 45
(50+60) / 2 = 55
(60+70) / 2 = 65

Frequency polygon

Sex
Age

M-P
M

20- (12%) (10%)

25

30- (36%) (30%)

35

40-

(8%) (25%)

45

50- (16%) (15%)

55

(8%) (20%)

65

60-70

Figure (2): Distribution of 45 patients at (place) , in

(time) by age and sex

Frequency curve
A curve that graphically represents a
frequency distribution

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Frequency Curve

Frequency

9
8

Female

Male

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20-

30-

40-

Age in years

50-

60-69

Histogram
A diagram consisting of rectangles
whose area is proportional to the
frequency of a variable and whose width
is equal to the class interval.

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Histogram
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Age (years)

Figure (2): Distribution of 100 cholera patients at (place) , in

(time) by age

Bar chart
A diagram in which the numerical values
of variables are represented by the
height or length of lines or rectangles of
equal width.

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Bar chart

Bar chart

Pie chart
A type of graph in which a circle is
divided into sectors that each represent
a proportion of the whole.
OR
PIE CHART is a chart that shows the
proportion or percent that each class
represents of the total number of
frequencies
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Pie chart