THIRD EDITION

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.

Chapter 23
Endocrine Control of Growth
and Metabolism
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by
Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

About this Chapter

How several key hormone pathways influence
metabolism
How cortisol is produced & regulated; how it
impacts many tissues
How thyroid hormones are regulated and their
effect on targets
The role of growth hormone in growth &
development
Calcium metabolism and its role in bones and cell
regulations
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Endocrine Control in Review

Hypothalamic pituitary: feedback loop & trophic

control
Hormones can have receptors on many diverse
tissues
Usually initiating protein change or synthesis in
target cells
Problems come from too much or too little
hormone

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Adrenal Cortex: Steroid Hormone Production

Aldosterone, sex hormones, cortisol

Synthesized from cholesterolsteroid ring

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Adrenal Cortex: Steroid Hormone Production

Figure 23-2: Synthesis pathways of steroid hormones

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Cortisol Effects: Body Responses to Stress

Permissive effect on glucagon
Memory, learning & mood
Gluconeogenesis
Skeletal muscle breakdown
Lipolysis, calcium balance
Immune depression
Circadian rhythms

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Cortisol Effects: Body Responses to Stress

Figure 23-4: Circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion

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Control of Cortisol Secretion: Feedback Loops

External stimuli
Hypothalamic
Anterior Pituitary
Adrenal cortex
Tissues

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Figure 23-3: The control pathway for cortisol

Endocrine Control: Three Levels of Integration

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Figure 7-13: Hormones of the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary pathway

Cortisol: Role in Diseases and Medication

Use as immunosuppressant
Hyperimmune reactions (bee stings)
Serious side effects
Hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome)
Tumors (pituitary or adrenal)
Iatrogenic (physician caused)
Hypocortisolism (Addison's disease)

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Thyroid Gland: Hormones and Iodine Metabolism

C-cells calcitonin (covered later)
Follicule cells
Amine hormones:
thyroxine, T1, T2 & T3
growth
metabolism
Thermogenic
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Effects of Thyroid Hormone

TH is concerned with:
Glucose oxidation
Increasing metabolic rate
Heat production
TH plays a role in:
Maintaining blood pressure
Regulating tissue growth
Developing skeletal and nervous systems
Maturation and reproductive capabilities
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Thyroid Hormone
Thyroid hormone the bodys major metabolic
hormone
Consists of two closely related iodine-containing
compounds
T4 thyroxine; has two tyrosine molecules plus
four bound iodine atoms
T3 triiodothyronine; has two tyrosines with
three bound iodine atoms

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Thyroid Gland: Hormones and Iodine Metabolism

Figure 23-7b: The thyroid gland

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Thyroxine and its precursors: Structure & Synthesis

Figure 23-8: Thyroid hormones are made from tyrosine and iodine

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Thyroxine and its precursors: Structure & Synthesis

Figure 23-9: Thyroid hormone synthesis

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Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone

Thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged into
the lumen
Iodides (I) are actively taken into the cell, oxidized
to iodine (I2), and released into the lumen
Iodine attaches to tyrosine, mediated by peroxidase
enzymes, forming T1 (monoiodotyrosine, or MIT),
and T2 (diiodotyrosine, or DIT)
Iodinated tyrosines link together to form T3 and T4
Colloid is then endocytosed and combined with a
lysosome, where T3 and T4 are cleaved and diffuse
into the bloodstream
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Transport and Regulation of TH

T4 and T3 bind to thyroxine-binding globulins
(TBGs) produced by the liver
Both bind to target receptors, but T3 is ten times
more active than T4
Peripheral tissues convert T4 to T3
Mechanisms of activity are similar to steroids
Regulation is by negative feedback
Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone
(TRH) can overcome the negative feedback
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T3 & T4 Control Pathways & Diseases from

Malfunction
Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary
Thyroid
Hypothyroidism
Goiter (TSH )
Grave's disease

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

T3 & T4 Control Pathways & Diseases from

Malfunction

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Figure 23-12: Thyroid hormone pathway

Growth Hormone (GH): Functions & Malfunctions

Polypeptide H from hypothalamus/anterior
pituitary
growth (with T4, sex Hs, paracrines)
metabolism
protein & bone synthesis
Regulation hypothalamus
Dwarfism
Acromegaly
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Metabolic Action of Growth Hormone

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Figure 16.6

Growth Hormone (GH): Functions & Malfunctions

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Figure 23-16: Growth hormone pathway

Multiple Hormones Can Target a Cell/Tissue

Growth H
Somatomedins
Thyroxin
All have receptors
on many tissues
Stimulate
pathways for
growth
Figure 7-17: A complex endocrine pathway
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Bone Growth and Calcium Metabolism

Epiphyseal plate new bone growth site

Chondrocytes, osteoblasts & calcification build
bone

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Bone Growth and Calcium Metabolism

Figure 23-19: Bone growth at the epiphyseal plate

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Calcium Metabolism:

Maintain [plasma]: from diet, from bone

"storage", recycled
Key roles: muscle contraction, bone support, cell
signaling

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Calcium Metabolism:

Figure 23-20: Calciumbalanceinthebody

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Control of Calcium Balance & Metabolism

Parathyroid H
Calcitrol
Vitamin D
Sun/diet
Calcitonin
Thyroid
C-cells
(Phosphate balance)
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Figure 23-23: Endocrine control of calcium balance

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Osteoporosis:
Disease of Bone Growth & Calcium Metabolism
Bone reabsorption
exceeds deposition
Osteoclasts
mobilize Ca++ to
plasma
Factors:
inadequate Ca++
intake, genes,
hormones,
smoking
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Figure 23-21: Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption

Summary
In addition to insulin and glucagon, metabolism
is influenced by hormones from adrenal, thyroid,
parathyroid and hypothalamus
Cortisol catabolic activities responding to stress
Growth H anabolic activities to promote growth
PTH, cacitrol, & calcitonin balance plasma [Ca++]
for bone synthesis, muscle contraction, & cell
signaling
Endocrine diseases result from pathway or
glandular hypo or hyper secretion
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings