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Three phase induction motor

ELECTRIC MOTOR
An electric motor is an electromechanical device
that converts electrical energy to mechanical
energy.
The mechanical energy can be used to perform
work such as rotating a pump impeller, fan,
blower, driving a compressor, lifting materials
etc.

Three Phase Induction Motor


The three phase induction motor is the most widely used
electrical motor.
Almost more than 90% of the motors used by industries is
three phase induction motors because of its simple and
rugged construction, low cost, good operating characteristics,
absence of commutator and good speed regulation.
In three phase induction motor the power is transferred from
stator to rotor winding through induction.
It is also called as rotating transformer.
The Induction motor is also called asynchronous motor as it
runs at a speed other than the synchronous speed.

Construction
Three-phase induction motor consists of a
stator and a rotor, and there is no electrical
connection between these two.
These stator and rotors are made up of highmagnetic core materials with less hysteresis
and eddy current losses.

Stator
It is the stationary part of the machine and is buildup of
sheet steel laminations to minimize the eddy current losses.
They are provided with slots on its inner periphery.
A three phase winding is placed in these slots and it may be
connected in either star or delta connection.
The winding are placed in the stator slots are 1200 electrical
degree displacement.

SLOTS

CORE

WINDINGS

Rotor
The rotor of an induction machine is different
from other types of machine (DC machines).
There is no requirement for a power source on
the rotor.
The rotor of an induction machine can be one of
two types
i) Wound Rotor ii) Cage Rotor

Squirrel Cage Rotor


Most of the induction motors (upto 90%) are of
squirrel cage type. Squirrel cage type rotor has
very simple and almost durable construction.
This type of rotor consist of a cylindrical
laminated core, having parallel slots on it.
These parallel slots carry rotor conductors.
In this type of rotor, heavy bars of copper,
aluminum or alloys are used as rotor conductors
instead of wires.

Contd..
Rotor slots are slightly skewed to achieve
following advantages 1. It reduces locking tendency of the rotor, i.e. the
tendency of rotor teeth to remain under stator teeth
due to magnetic attraction.
2. Increases the effective transformation ratio
between stator and rotor
3. Increases rotor resistance due to increased length
of the rotor conductor

Contd..
The rotor bars are electrically welded to short
circuiting end rings at both ends.
Thus this rotor construction looks like a
squirrel cage and hence we call it.
The rotor bars are permanently short circuited,
hence it is not possible to add any external
resistance to armature circuit.

Phase Wound Rotor


Phase wound rotor is wound with 3 phase, double layer, distributed
winding.
The number of poles of rotor are kept same to the number of poles of
the stator.
The three phase rotor winding is internally star connected. The other
three terminals of the winding are taken out via three insulated slip
rings mounted on the shaft and the brushes resting on them.
These three brushes are connected to an external star connected
rheostat.
This arrangement is done to introduce an external resistance in rotor
circuit for starting purposes and for changing the speed / torque
characteristics.

When motor is running at its rated speed, slip


rings are automatically short circuited by means
of a metal collar and brushes are lifted above the
slip rings to minimize the frictional losses.
The stator of the motor consists of overlapping
winding offset by an electrical angle of 120.

Working Principle
When the primary winding or the stator is connected to a 3 phase
AC source, it establishes a rotating magnetic field (RMF) which
rotates at the synchronous speed either in clockwise or
anticlockwise direction depending on the phase sequence.
This RMF cuts the rotor conductors and emf is induced in the
rotor winding.
Since it is short circuited, a heavy rotor current flows in the
winding.
This rotor current creates another magnetic field and it is
interacting with the stator RMF.
Hence a mechanical force or torque is produced and rotor rotates in
the direction of RMF.
The rotor rotates always less than the speed of RMF.

Thus from the working principle of three phase


induction motor it may observed that the rotor speed
should not reach the synchronous speed produced by the
stator.
If the speeds equals, there would be no such relative
speed, so no emf induced in the rotor, & no current would
be flowing, and therefore no torque would be generated.
Consequently the rotor can not reach the synchronous
speed. The difference between the stator (synchronous
speed) and rotor speeds is called the slip.

The rotation of the magnetic field in an


induction motor has the advantage that no
electrical connections need to be made to the
rotor.

Slip ring or phase wound


Induction motor
Construction is complicated due to
presence of slip ring and brushes
The rotor winding is similar to the
stator winding

Squirrel cage induction motor


Construction is very simple

The rotor consists of rotor bars which


are permanently shorted with the help of
end rings
We can easily add rotor resistance Since the rotor bars are permanently
by using slip ring and brushes
shorted, its not possible to add external
resistance
Due to presence of external Staring torque is low and cannot be
resistance high starting torque can improved
be obtained
Slip ring and brushes are present Slip ring and brushes are absent

Frequent maintenance is required Less maintenance is required


due to presence of brushes
This motor is rarely used only 10
Due to its simple construction and low
% industry uses slip ring induction cost. The squirrel cage induction motor
motor
is widely used
Rotor copper losses are high and
hence less efficiency

Less rotor copper losses and hence high


efficiency

Speed control by rotor resistance


method is possible

Speed control by rotor resistance


method is not possible

Slip ring induction motor are used Squirrel cage induction motor is used in
where high starting torque is
lathes, drilling machine, fan, blower
required i.e in hoists, cranes,
printing machines etc
elevator etc

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