Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Impacts of Tourism
Corinna Chin
1
What to do
Read through the lecture slides
Make notes
Write down anything you dont
understand and bring to class
after the holidays where I will
explain to you in more detail
Complete the assessment at
the end of the lecture slides
bring to class after holiday
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ECONOMIC
SOCIOCULTURAL
ENVIRONMEN
TAL
IMPACT
S OF
TOURIS
M
DOXEYS
IRRITATION
INDEX
ECONOMIC
Large industry generates a lot of
money
Tourism appeals to countries hoping
to improve their economic situation
Cheaper travel and accommodation
means more tourists
Increase in wealth in a country can
help generate successful tourism
plans e.g. China and India
5
Balance of payments
Employment
Income
Investment and Development
Multiplier Effect
Employment
Tourism creates many various jobs via:
Direct employment
Directly involved in tourism e.g. hotel, travel
agency
Indirect employment
Jobs in the tourism supply sector e.g. catering
company providing food to an airline
Induced employment
Created because of an increase wealth of the
locals from tourism; locals spend more
money in their local economy
8
Income
Money created in local economy at a
destination through:
Wages and salaries
Locals employed in the local area
Profits
Local businesses benefitting from tourist
spending
Rent
Leasing accommodation to tourists and
migrating workforce
Tax
Value Added Tax (VAT); local or national tax
gained from tourist spending
Investment and
Development
Public or private sector
Public
Private
TNCs or MNCs (Multinational Companies)
invest at a destination in order to set up their
own organizations there
Can lead to other companies investing in the
same area
10
Multiplier Effect
A knock on effect within the economy at a
destination
tourist expenditure will inject additional cash
flow into the regional economy and increase
regional income (Page and Connell, 2006)
Employment
More jobs because of tourism
Income
Tourist spending in local area brings more money
to the destination
Locals earn from tourist spending and in turn
spend that money in the local area also,
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LOCAL
ECONOMY
LOCAL ITEMS
Employees
Local
businesses
IMPORTS
Good bought
outside local
TOURIST
SPEND
INCOME
Hoteliers,
facility owners
SPEND
Wages &
salaries
Suppliers
TAXES
Governme
nt
SAVING
Profit
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Income
Tourists money received by hotel and
facility owners
Taxes
Hotel and facility owners have to pay
government tax (council, corporation tax
etc) at local and national level
13
Spend
Owners of businesses who receive money
from tourists, spends on wages for
employees, supplies (stock) in the local
economy or outside local area (imports)
Local items
Employees and locals spend wages in
local shops e.g. supermarkets
14
Leakages
Opportunity Costs
Inflation
Tourism Dependency
15
Leakages
Money spent on goods and services
outside local economy
Money saved (in banks etc)
Investment from MNCs or TNCs means that
some money earned by that organization
will leave the local economy e.g.
headquarters in a different destination
Importing goods means another economy
is benefitting from spending e.g. bananas
in the UK
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Opportunity Costs
Also known as displacement effect
developing tourism at the expense of
other activities or areas of
investment (Page and Connell, 2006)
Public money invested in tourism that
is not invested elsewhere e.g. local
infrastructure at another location
Cost-benefit analysis best way to
minimise opportunity costs
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Inflation
Increase in demand leads to
increase in inflation
Inflation = value and price of
land, and products increases
Locals may not be able to
afford to live in a particular
area, local businesses may
suffer
Can lead to negative sociocultural impacts
18
Tourism Dependency
Some countries rely heavily on
tourism in order to maintain the
countrys economy
Occurs quite often in developing
countries
If tourism suffers in a country, the
whole economy suffers a huge
negative impact
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ENVIRONMENTAL
Rio Earth Summit 1992
Concern for the environment through
human development around the
globe
Tourism stakeholders take an active
interest in the effects of tourism on
the environment
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Positive Environmental
Impacts
Conservation and preservation
Enhancement of environment
Environmental awareness
Financial contributions
Protection
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Enhancement of environment
Make an area look
visually more pretty to
visitors
Can involve cleaning
areas, reforestation,
installation of public
spaces (e.g. public art)
Funded by money from
tourism industry
Environmental awareness
Public more aware of environmental
issues
Private and public sectors inform
consumers of environmental impacts
Hotels will inform customers of laundry
process and how to save energy and
water etc
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Financial contributions
Money directly given towards the
environment
Can be from:
Park entrance fees
Hunting and fishing fees
Rental equipment fees etc
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Protection
Environmental protection
Conservation of environment (flora
and fauna)
Sustainable use of natural resources
Achieved through tourism and
government involvement
Energy efficient building, effective waste
treatment removal, pollution prevention
etc
26
Negative Environmental
Impacts
Depletion of natural resources
Loss of natural habitats
Pollution
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Depletion of natural
resources
Water resources
Local resources
Energy, food, raw materials used excessively in
tourism damages environment physically
Land degradation
Land destroyed due to tourist activities
Construction of facilities and attractions damage
natural environment
Tourist activities e.g. walking, skiing, cause erosion
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of the earth
Loss of natural
habitats
On land (terrain)
Flora and fauna displaced (moved) due to tourism
construction
F&F damaged in natural environment
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Pollution
Air
CO2 emissions (carbon dioxide) damage
the air and effects the Ozone layer
Lots of transport used for tourism e.g.
cars, coaches, planes etc
Noise
Traffic noise from transport
Entertainment (bars and nightclubs)
Disturb natural wildlife and have negative
impact of destination
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Pollution [2]
Visual
Littering
Barren land due to construction of tourism
infrastructure
Pollution of rivers, beaches, sea, natural
scenic areas etc
Constructions can be eyesores
Water
Tourist activities, development, waste
disposal contaminates water effects
wildlife and humans
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SOCIO-CULTURAL
Tourism can have a positive and
negative effect on the locals and
their culture at a destination
It is important for socio-cultural
impacts to be recognised as very
important to tourist development
32
Positive Socio-cultural
Impacts
Education and training
Enhanced quality of life
Pride
Socio-cultural awareness and peace
33
34
Pride
Increase in local pride as:
more tourists visit a
destination and
as increase in investment into
local area
36
Negative Socio-cultural
Impacts
Commodification
Crime
Demonstration effect
Displacement
Economic
Exploitation
38
Commodification
Turning a product or service into something
different in order to please the tourist
Performances and ceremonies are
commodified (made more attractive and
dramatic) in order to appeal to tourists
Not representing the true culture of the
locals
Also known as staged authenticity
39
Crime
Where there are more tourists, crime rates
are higher
Tourists are easy targets for thieves
Tourists carry a lot of valuables when travelling
Appeals to poor locals who cannot afford these
goods
40
Demonstration effect
Locals observe tourists and try
to copy (emulate) them
This can be in terms of:
Behaviour, culture, clothes, food
etc
Displacement
Development of tourism areas can
lead to an area becoming too
expensive for locals to continue living
there
Land needed for large constructions
can also move local inhabitants
Governments believe that the tourism
infrastructure will outweigh the need for
displacement
42
Economic
Increase in prosperity within host
population can lead to new social classes
Can create tension between:
Locals
Locals and tourists
Migrant workers and locals
Exploitation
Employment opportunities may seem
exciting to begin with but may become a
negative socio-cultural impact
Some companies may exploit (abuse) local
populations for their own benefits through:
Child labour
Forced labour
Cheap labour
45
Euphoria Area
Occurs in early stage of Butlers TALC
Destination has few visitors, tourism
relatively new to locals
Locals happy that tourists are
interested in their destination
Welcoming host population
Good, informal relationships between
locals and tourists
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Apathy
As destination develops, tourist
numbers increase
Relationship between locals and
tourists become more informal
Visitors are taken for granted
tourists are only seen as a source of
money
48
Annoyance
Destination has developed to
saturation point
Development of attraction, facilities
and services are occurring
everywhere
This continuous over-development
annoys the locals and they are
frustrated with the tourism industry
stakeholders and tourists
49
Antagonism
Development at tourist destination is
now only producing negative impacts
Host population blame tourists for all
the negative impacts tourism has
brought to the destination
Host population angry at tourists and
expresses their anger towards them
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Assessment
To be done over the holidays
Bring work into class on Friday 16 April
You need to have 2 good case studies that you
can use as an example in your exams
1. Using 1 tourist destination in a developed
country AND 1 tourist destination in a developing
country, make a list of the positive and negative
impacts of tourism to both destinations.
2. Compare and contrast the 2 destinations:
a. Which positive and negative impacts are the same?
b. Which positive and negative impacts are different?
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Summary
Positive and negative effects of
tourism via:
Economic factors
Environmental factors
Socio-cultural factors
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