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MONOPULSE

SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE
RADAR
Mode S Introduction

Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR)

PSR offers :
Range (Distance = Velocity x Time) [c=3x108 m/sec]
Azimuth angle (Inherent from the time of transmission)
Radial velocity (Doppler Processing)

PSR Limitations:
Range Limitations (Very weak reply)
Clutter Problem (Undesired returns)
Identification?, Flight Level?

Solution : Secondary Surveillance Radar SSR

Different Surveillance Techniques

Non-Co-operative Independent Surveillance


PSR (Primary Surveillance Radar)
Co-operative Independent Surveillance (CIS)
Classical SSR (Secondary Surveillance Radar)
Sliding Window or monopulse
Mode S
Multilateration
Dependant Surveillance
Voice position reporting
Automatic Dependant Surveillance (ADS)

Surveillance Current
Environment
Voice
Position
Reports

Air
Traffic
Services

Primary
Radar

Secondary
Radar

Surveillance Future
Environment
Automatic
Dependant
Surveillance
(ADS)
Air
Traffic
Services

Secondary
Radar
VHF Data Link

SSR Operation

5423
Antenna

Interrogation (1030 MHz)

Mode A

P1 P2

P3

20.3s

8s

Mode C

Reply (1090 MHz)

P1 P2

P3

21s

20.3s

Transponder

Altimeter

Identity
Height

5423

SSR Operation P1-P3 Spacing

MODES
Use
P1-P3
1
Military Mission
3S
2
Military Aircraft
5S
3/A
Common Ident
8S
B
Civilian Ident
17S
C
Flight Level
21S
D
Un-allocated
25S

P1 P2

P3

Interrogation

Reply

Range
F1

Code

F2

Standard Interrogation Format


Antenna Sum and Control Patterns
8S
2S
Mode A

P1
P1

P2

P2

P3

P3
P1

P2

P3

P1

17S

Mode B
P1

Sum
Radiation
Beam

P3

P2

P2

P1 P3

21S

Mode C
P1

P2

P3

NOTE: 1. All measurements shown in Microseconds


for tolerances see ICAO Annex 10

P2

2. All pulse widths 0.8 microseconds in


duration

suppress
0dB

P2

undetermined

ISLS Pulses received at the


Transponder on any Mode
(except Mode S)

P1

P2

repl
y

P2

Control
Radiation
Beam

-9dB
P3

Control
Radiation
Beam

P3

Horizontal Polar Diagram

SUM
9dB down
SUM = CONTROL

CONTROL

Standard SSR reply format


20.3S
1.45S

4.35S

0.45S

F
1

C
1

A
1

C
2

A
2

C
4

A
4

B
1

D
1

B
2

D
2

B
4

D
4

F
2

A reply comprising F1,F2 plus information pulses to give the


required code will be transmitted 3 S after receipt of an
acknowledged mode.
The SPI pulse is added to a reply for 20 to 30 secs. If
commanded by the operator.
NOTES
1. All Times are nominal and are in microseconds
2. For all tolerances see ICAO Annex 10 for civil responses, and STANAG 4193 for military responses
3. D1 pulse not used on Mode C responses
4. X pulse is not currently used
5. Special Codes:
7700 - Emergency
7600 - Comms Fail
7500 - Hijack

S
P
I

Standard SSR reply format


examples 1234
F
1

C
1

A
1

C
2

B
2

D
4

1 2 3 4
A

F
2

Monopulse Operation

Gives Ratio which gives OBA (Off Boresight Angle)


Ratio stays the same independent of range (size of return)

Boresight

Sum Amplitude

Diff
Amplitude

OBA

Why Mode S?

Selective Interrogation
To reduce the problems of conventional SSR
Fruit & Garbling

Long term elimination of Mode A code shortages


Integrated data link capability

Mode S is designed
To support ACAS
To be compatible with conventional SSR

Mode S is already internationally standardised

Mode S Operation
Mode S is
Selective (S=Select) providing an individual address
capability
Gives Reduction in RF pollution

Increase in data integrity (Parity)


Coding of altitude in 25-foot increments

Supports two types of communication services (Mode


S Subnetwork)
Mode S specific services
Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC) services enabling the Mode S
Subnetwork to be incorporated into the ATN (not in the
foreseen future)

Interrogator Uplink Pulse Formats


Summary
Transponder Replies

Interrogation Pulse Sequences


P1

SSR
MODE A/C

A/C
Transponder

P3

MODE A
P1

P3

MODE C
P1

P3

P4

MODE A
only ALL-CALL
P1

P3

P4

MODE C
only ALL-CALL

INTERMODE

P1

P3

P4

MODE A/S
ALL-CALL
P1

P3

P4

MODE C/S
ALL CALL
P1

P2

P6

MODE S
(Short)

16.25 sec

MODE S

P1

P2

P6

30.25 sec

MODE S
(Long)

Mode S
Transponder

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