Three types of Model

Physicalh/wcompositionofSystemandinterconnection
ArchitecturalMaincomponentandtheirrole
s/warchitecturehowcomponentsinteract
SystemarchitectureHowcomponentsaredeployedin
underlyingnetwork
Fundamentalconcernedwithpropertiesthatarecommoninallof
thearchitecturalmodel
Interactionmodeldealswiththedifficultyinsettingtimelimits
Failuremodeldefinesthewaysinwhichfailuremayoccur
Securitymodeldiscusspossiblethreatsandtheirsolutions

Architectural Model
Dealswithplacementofcomponentsandinteractionbetweenthem
Forthispurpose,theprocessisclassifiedasServer,Client,and
peer.Andworkisallottedtothem.
SoftwareLayers:
Eachlayertakeservicesfromlowerlayerandofferservicesto
upperlayer
MiddlelayerServices:Communication,datasharing,naming,
security,transaction,storage,manageheterogeneityofDS,
providecommonprogrammingabstraction
PlatformProvideprogramminginterfaceforcommunication
andcoordination

Software and hardware service layers in distributed

systems
Applications, services

Middleware

Operating system
Platform
Computer and network hardware

System Architecture
Dealswithdivisionofresponsibilitiesofsystemcomponents.
Placementofcomponentsinthenetwork.
ClientServerModel
Clientaprocessthatrequestaservicefromserverbysendinga
request
Serveraprocessthatimplementsaspecificserviceandreply
totheclient
Aservermaybeclientofotherserver
Webserveraclientoffileserverthatmanagesthefileinwhich
thewebpagesarestored
WebserveraclientofDNSserverwhichtranslatesdomain
namesinton/waddress.

System Architecture
Aservermaybepartitionedandservicesaredistributed
Aservermaybereplicatedtoincreaseperformanceandtolerate
failing
Cachebufferofrecentlyuseddataobjandsuppliesthedataobjto
clientwhenrequired
Proxyserver
Itincreasesavailability&performanceofaservicebyreducing
loadonn/wandwebservers
Providesharedcacheofwebservertoasite
Usedtoaccessremotewebserver
Peerprocessapplicationsinteractwitheachother

Clients invoke individual servers

Client

invocation
result

Client

invocation

Server

result

Server

Key:
Process:

Computer:

A service provided by multiple servers

Service

Server
Client

Server

Client
Server

Web proxy server

Web
server

Client
Proxy
server

Client

Web
server

A distributed application based on peer processes

Application

Application

Coordination
code

Coordination
code

Application
Coordination
code

Web applets
a) client request results in the downloading of applet code

Client
Applet code

Web
server

b) client interacts with the applet

Client

Applet

Web
server

Thin clients and compute servers

Compute server

Network computer or PC
Thin
Client

network

Application
Process

Processes and channels

process p

process q

send m

receive

Communication channel
Outgoing message buffer

Incoming message buffer

Fundamental Model
AllcommunicationisdonebymsgInteractionmodel
TheremaybefailuresFailuremodel
Vulnerabletosecurityattackssecuritymodel

Interaction model
ProcessesinDScommunicatethroughmsgpassing
Processesareaffectedby:
Delaytotaltimefromsendertoreceiver(propogationtime,
transmissiontime,timetakebyOSforprocessing)
Bandwidthamountofinfothatcanbetransmittedovergiven
amountoftime.
Jittervariationintimetakentoreachthedestination

Failure model
Ommisionfailureprocessorchannelfailure
Processfailureifaprocessfails,itwillnotrespondtorequest
Communicationfailure
Droppingmsgduetolackofbufferspace
Sendingomissionfailurelossofmsgbetweensending
processandoutgoingbufferatserver
Receiveromissionfailurelossofmsgbetweenincoming
bufferandreceiverprocess
Channelomissionfailurelossomsginbetweensenderand
receiver
Arbitraryfailureanytypeoffailure
TimingfailureapplicableinsynchronousDSwheretimelimitsare
setforalloperations.

Security model
Securitycanbeachievedbysecuringprocesses,channelsand
objects
Protectingobjbygivingaccessrights(serverisresponsiblefor
verifying)
Securingprocess
Processinteractthroughmsgsecuredbyconfidentiality,
authenticationandintegrity
Aprocessmayreceiveamsgfromanyotherprocess
Anenemycancopyandalterthemsgastheytravelon
media
Denialofservicehugetrafficisgeneratedtooverloadthe
resourcessodelayisincreased

Omission and arbitrary failures

Classoffailure
Failstop

Affects
Process

Description
Processhaltsandremainshalted.Otherprocessesmay
detectthisstate.
Crash
Process Processhaltsandremainshalted.Otherprocessesmay
notbeabletodetectthisstate.
Omission
Channel Amessageinsertedinanoutgoingmessagebuffernever
arrivesattheotherendsincomingmessagebuffer.
Sendomission Process Aprocesscompletesasend,butthemessageisnotput
initsoutgoingmessagebuffer.
Receiveomission Process Amessageisputinaprocesssincomingmessage
buffer,butthatprocessdoesnotreceiveit.
Arbitrary
Processor Process/channelexhibitsarbitrarybehaviour:itmay
(Byzantine)
channel send/transmitarbitrarymessagesatarbitrarytimes,
commitomissions;aprocessmaystoportakean
incorrectstep.

Timing failures

ClassofFailure
Clock

Affects
Process

Performance

Process

Performance

Channel

Description
Processslocalclockexceedstheboundsonits
rateofdriftfromrealtime.
Processexceedstheboundsontheinterval
betweentwosteps.
Amessagestransmissiontakeslongerthanthe
statedbound.

Objects and principals

Access rights
invocation
Client
result

Principal (user)

Network

Server

Principal (server)

Object

The enemy

Copy of m
The enemy
Process p

Process q
Communication channel

Secure channels

Principal B

Principal A
Process p

Secure channel

Process q