DEFINITION

PURE METAL

Apure metalis
a substance that
contains atoms of
only one type of
metallicelement

ALLOY

An alloyis
amixture
oftwoor more
elements with a
certain
composition in
which the major
componentis a
metal.

Examples of pure
metal
1.Iron
2.carbon
3.Copper
4.tin
5.Aluminium
6.Copper
7.Magnesium
8.manganese

Examples of alloy

1.steel

2.bronze

3.Duralumin

PURE METALS

Aluminum
Copper
Chromium
Nickel
Niobium/Colu
mbium
Iron
Magnesium

Molybdenum
Silver
Tantalum
Titanium
Tungsten
Zirconium

ALLOYS

-Brass
-Bronze
-Steel
-Chromoly
-Stainless steel
-Tool steel
-Titanium

d into thin sheets.3.The s

etal atoms requireshigh
most metals have high m
Malleable

Ductile

PROPERTIES OF PURE
METAL

High density

atomsresultsinthehigh
High boiling and melting
point

Good electric conductor

2.Pure metalsare weakand soft because the

arrangement of atoms in pure metals make them
ductile and malleable.
a)A pure metalcontainsatoms of
thesamesizearrangedina regular and organized
closed-packed structure
b)Puremetalsare soft because theorderly
arrangementofatoms enables the layers of atoms
to slide over each other easily when an external
force is applied on them.This makes the metals ductile
and metals can be drawn to form long wires.
C)There are imperfections in the natural arrangements
of metal atoms. Empty space exist in the
structures of pure metals. When hammered or
pressed, groups of metalatoms may slide into
newpositions in the empty spaces. This makes
metals malleable, able to be made into different
shapes or pressed into thin sheets

PURPOSE OF ALLOYS

a)Toincreasethehardnessa
nd
strengthofa metal
b)Topreventcorrosionorrus
ting
c)Toimprovetheappearanc
eof
themetal surface

1.In the processof alloying, one or more foreign

elements are added to a molten metal. When
the alloy hardens, thepositions of some of the
metal atoms are replaced by the atoms of
foreign elements, which size may bebigger or
smaller than the original metal atoms.
2.In an alloy, these atoms of foreignelements
disrupt the orderly arrangement of the metal
atoms andalso fill up any empty space in the
metal crystal structure.
3.Hence, the layers of metal atoms areprevented
fromsliding over each other easily. This makes
the alloy harder and stronger, less ductile and less
malleable than its pure metals.

SUBSTITUTE

FITS IN BETWEEN THE

GAP

Substitution alloys

Interstitial alloys

If the atoms of the alloying agent

replace atoms of the main metal, we
get what's called asubstitution
alloy.
An alloy like this will form only if the
atoms of the base metal and those of
the alloying agent are of roughly
similar size.
In most substitution alloys, the
constituent elements are quite near
one another in the periodic table.
Brass, for example, is a substitution
alloy based oncopperin which atoms
ofzincreplace 1035 percent of the
atoms that would normally be in
copper.
Brass works as an alloy because
copper and zinc are close to one
another in the periodic table and have
atoms of roughly similar size.

Alloys can also form if the alloying

agent or agents have atoms that are
very much smaller than those of
the main metal.
In that case, the agent atoms slip in
between the main metal atoms (in
the gaps or "interstices"), giving
what's called aninterstitial alloy.
Steelis an example of an interstitial
alloy in which a relatively small
number of carbon atoms slip in the
gaps between the huge atoms in a
crystalline lattice of iron.

BRONZE
Cu 90%
Sn 10%
Applications:
Decorative items, medals,
artwork, pots and pans

Brass
Component:
Cu 70%, Zn 30%
Applications:
Decorative items, electrical
appliances, musical
instruments, bell, nails, screw,
pots

Cupro-nickel
Component:
Cu 75%, Ni 25%
Applications:
Coins