Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PROTECTION
Prepared by
P.SURESH
AP/EEE
DEPARTMENT OF EEE
SRM UNIVERSITY KTR
UNIT II - RELAYS
General considerations - sensing of faults - construction of electro-magnetic
attraction and induction types relays - Buchholz and negative sequence relay concept of reset, pick up, inverse time and definite time characteristics, over current,
over voltage, directional, differential and distance relays on R-X diagram - Static
Relays: Introduction, advantage and limitation of static relays, static over current,
directional, distance and differential relays.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Badriram & Vishwakarma, Power System Protection,Tata
McGraw-Hill Education, 2011.
2. Paithankar Y. G.,S. R. Bhide., Fundamentals of power system
protectionPHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2004.
1. The Elementary Council, Power System Protection, Vol.1,2 &3, Peter
Peregrinus Ltd.Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2010.
2. Ravindra Nath.B, and Chandar.M, Power systems protection and
switchgear,New age international (P) Ltd. 2005.
3. Rao Sunil.S, Switchgear and protection. Khanna Publishers,1999.
4. Paithankar.Y.G, Transmission Network Protection: Theory and Practice,
MarcelDeicker, Inc.1998.
5. Van.A.R & Warrington.C, Protective Relays: Their Theory and Practice, Vol 1
& Vol 2, Chapman and Hall. Springer 1977.
6. GEC Measurements, Protective Relays: Application Guide, GEC
Measurements.
7. J & P Switchgear handbook Newnes-Butterworths, 1972.
Types of faults
Two broad classification of fault
(i) Symmetrical fault
(ii) Unsymmetrical fault
(iii) Simultaneous fault
(iv) Winding fault
Faults
Simultaneous fault
The above faults may occur
simultaneously even the previous
fault is cleared.
Winding fault
These fault occurs in the windings of
the electrical machines.
It is due to bad insulation.
Due to overloading.
Due to aging
Effects of faults
Heavy short circuit current may lead to
damage of the equipment.
Arcs may be created which may cause fire
hazards.
Reduction of supply voltage in the healthy
feeder.
Unbalancing of supply voltages and
currents lead to heating of rotating
machines.
Loss of stability.
Interruption of power to the consumers
Fault statistics
Overhead lines
Underground cables
Transformers
% of total fault
50
9
10
Generators
Switchgear
12
12
Frequency of occurrence of
faults
Type of fault
% of total fault
L-G
85
L-L
L-L-G
3 PHASE
CIRCUIT BREAKER
TRIPPING CIRCUIT
Zones of protection
Zones of protection
Power system consists of generator,
transformer, bus bars, transmission
and distribution lines etc
Each of the above equipments should
be protected against fault or short
circuit.
So the power system is divided into
various zones such that each and
every component to be protected.
Zones of protection
The idea is to provide a ring of security around
each and every element of the power system
If there is any fault within this ring, the relays
associated with it must trip all the allied circuit
breakers so as to remove the faulty element
from the rest of the power system..
This 'ring of security' is called the zone of
protection.
Dead spot
Overlapping of zones are made to protect the
system.
Primary protection
Primary Protection
The primary protection scheme
ensures quick and selective clearing of
the faults within the boundary of the
circuit element it protects. Primary
Protection as a rule is provided for each
section of an electrical installation.
Back up protection
Back-up protection is the name given
to a protection which backs the
primary protection whenever the
later fails in operation.
The back-up protection by definition
is slower than the protection.
The design of the back-up protection
needs to be coordinated with the
design of the primary protection
QUALITIES OF RELAYS
SR
Selectivi
tyto
Able
discriminate
Fault, normal
And
abnormal
conditions
Able to
distinguish
zones of
Protection
Back up
Protection
Sensitivi
ty
Should
operate when
the current
exceeds the
preset value
occurs
Should not
operate when
the value is
below the
preset value
Stability
Should
remain in
stable for
large current
and fault not
in zone
Speed
Should
operate fast
to isolate the
faulty section
to minimise
damage and
maintain
stability
Operation of
relay is
typically
1 cycle (20 ms),
cycle (10 ms)
More for
distribution
systems
Reliabilit
yMust operate
when fault
occurs
Typical value
95%
Essential qualities of
protection
Selectivity and discrimination
The selectivity id the ability of the
protective system to identify the faulty
part correctly and disconnect that part
without affecting the rest of the healthy
part of system.
Discrimination
distinguish between
normal condition and abnormal condition
faulty section from healthy section
Sensitivity
The sensitivity of the system is
the ability of the relay system to
operate with low value of actuating
quantity.
Stability
The ability of the system to be
inoperative and stable for transients,
disturbance and through faults.
Reliability
Ability of relay to work under
predetermined condition.
The reliability mainly depends on
the reliability of various protective
components like relay, CB, CT,PT,
etc.
Proper maintenance is needed.
Large motors
Distance protection
Here distance relays are used
Differential protection
Used for protecting generator , transformer,
motors etc of large size
CTs are placed at both the ends of equipments.
Under external fault or normal operating
condition the currents entering is equal to leaving
so the relay will not respond
But during internal fault the currents are not
equal and so the relay operates.
Automatic re closing
About 90% of the lines are of transient
in nature.
Transient faults are caused by lightning
or external bodies falling on the line
and such faults are associated with arc.
The fault will be cleared after
extinguishing the arc and immediately
the CB will be closed automatically.
For EHV lines 12 cycles is
recommended
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Step down to handle relay reducing the
current values suitable for relay
Secondary in 1A / 5A
Isolates relay circuit from HV
Creates phase angle error and ratio error
Measurement CT requires accurate over normal
values
Protection CT requires to have correct ratio
accuracy is
not important for lower
values
CT burdon load connected to secondary of t/f
may be in terms of impedance
Types : bar type and wound type
% Ratio Error
NIS I P
x100
IP
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
Step down to safe value to system and Personnel
Creates phase angle error and ratio error
PT Secondary 110 V
Ratio & Phase angle errors Voltage drop due to
mag & p.f of secondary burden.
Types:
Electromagnetic Type Upto 132 kV,
Capacitor Type 132 kV & Above Capacitance
Voltage
Divider L (to reduce Ratio &
Phase Angle Errors,
It introduces harmonics so not suitable
SUMMATION TARNSFORMER
To derive single phase quantity from
three phase quantity
Primary windings of summation
transformer connected to output of
current transformer
Turns between R & Y = Turns between Y
&B
More turns between B & N