Lecture 5

Thermodynamics application
Part I: Heat engine
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Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT
P = pressure (Pascal)
n = number of
moles
V = volume (m3)
T = temperature (K)
R = universal gas constant = 8.3145 J/ mol K
Note:
K is Kelvin = Celsius + 273.15
Mole = Avogadros number (NA) of molecules
= 6.0221367 x 1023 molecules
Describes the behaviour of gas in most conditions
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/legacy/gas-properties

Kinetic Theory
Average Kinetic Energy = 3/2 * kT for a single molecule
of an ideal gas
Where k = R/NA = 1.38 x 10

-23

J/K (Boltzmann constant)

Internal energy = average kinetic energy multiplied by the

number of molecules
Eint = (nNA) Kave = (nNA) (3/2)* (kT)
Eint = (nNA) (3/2) (R/NA) T

Eint = 3 nRT
2

First Law of
Thermodynamics
An application of the Energy conservation
principle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DlyBaIy6Zj4
Change in internal energy of the system is equal
to the heat added to the system minus the work
done by the system
Eint = Q W
Where Q is the HEAT added TO the system and
W in the WORK done BY the system

Thermodynamic Processes
Isothermal constant temperature
Isobaric constant pressure
Isochoric - constant volume
Adiabatic no heat transfer, Q = 0
Isentropic constant entropy
(measure of disorder)

Heat Engine
Turning heat into work

The Stirling Engine

Stage 1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine

Stage 2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine

Stage 3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine

Stage 4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine

Complete Cycle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine

Heat Engine and Efficiency

Carnot Engine = an ideal Engine
Ideal Engine:
E = Q W -> First Law
For ideal heat engine
Eint = 0
W = Q H QC
= QH QC = 1 - QC
QH
QH

= 1 - TC
TH

Efficiency
Real Heat Engine
E = Q W -> First
Law
E -> some energy
lost to the
surroundings
< QH QC < 1 - QC
QH
QH

< 1 - TC
TH

PV diagram
The amount of work don by the system can be estimated
as the area under the curve on the chart. For a cyclic
diagram, the net work is that enclosed by the curve.
PV = nRT

Exercise
1. _____
2. _____
3. _____
4. _____

A. Isothermal constant temperatur

B. Isobaric constant pressure
C. Isochoric - constant volume
D. Adiabatic no heat transfer
Answers can be repeated