PRESENTATI

ON ON
GLASS
BY-

ANAS KHAN

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G

INTRODUCTION OF GLASS
Glass is a transparent material, particularly in the visible
region of
electromagnetic spectrum. The transparent and colouration
have made the
glasses best suitable for decorative and illumination purposes
in the early
days of their invention.

Glasses are structurally disordered materials. They broadly

fall under
the category of amorphous materials. Amorphous materials
show many
properties that are unique to them and are not exhibited by
crystalline
solids.

Glass is a non-crystalline solid. This means that the regular

periodic
arrangement of motifs (groups of atoms, molecules or ions) is
absent in
glasses. The crystalline characteristic of long-range order of
motifs is lacked
and short-range order prevails in glassy materials.

Glasses are formed by quenching a material in liquid state

sufficiently
fast so that atoms cannot re-arrange themselves in a
crystalline form and
form glasses.
Amorphous materials prepared only by
quenching a liquid are
generally referred as glass. However several unconventional
methods like
neutron bombardment, sol-gel process etc., are becoming
popular in the
preparation of glasses.

PROPERTIES OF GLASSES
THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
PROPERTIES: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
THERMAL PROPERTIES
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
TECHNICAL PROPERTIES

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Density2500 kg/m3
A 4mm thick pane of glass weighs 10kg/m2.

Hardness470 HK
The hardness of float glass is established according to Knoop.
The basis is the test method given in DIN 52333 (ISO 9385).

Compression resistance800 - 1000 MPa

The compression strength defines the ability of a material to
resist a load applied vertically to its surface.

Modulus of elasticity70 000 MPa

The modulus of elasticity is either determined from the elastic
elongation of a thin bar, or from bending a bar with a round
or rectangular cross section.

Bending strength45 MPa

The bending strength of a material is a measure of its
resistance during deflection. It is determined by bending
tests on glass plate using the double ring method according
to DINEN 1288-5.

THERMAL PROPERTIES
Transformation range520 - 550C

Temp&Softening temperatureapprox. 600C

Contrary to solid bodies of crystalline structure, glass has no
defined melting point. It continuously transforms from the
solid state to the viscous plastic state. The transition range is
called the transformation range and according to DIN 52324
(ISO 7884), it lies between 520C and 550C. Tempering and
bending require a temperature of a further 100C.

Specific Heat0.8 J/g/KThe specific heat (in joules) defines the

amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of
float glass by 1K. The specific heat of glass increases slightly
the temperature is increased up to the transformation range.

Thermal conductivity0.8W/mKThermal conductivity

determines the amount of heat required to flow through the
cross sectional area of the float glass sample in unit time at
a temperature gradient.

Thermal expansion9.10-6 K-1There is a difference in the

expansion behaviour of a body under the effect of heat
between linear expansion and volumetric expansion. With
solid bodies, the volumetric expansion is three times that of
linear expansion. The temperature coefficient of expansion
for float glass is given according to DIN 52328 and ISO
7991.

OPTICAL PROPERTIES
Glass has several strong points concerning
optical properties:- It can be produced in large and homogeneous panes
- Its optical properties are not affected by ageing
- It is produced with perfectly flat and parallel surfaces
Refractive indexn = 1.52
If light from an optically less dense medium (air) meets an
optically denser medium (glass), then the light ray is split at
the surface interfaces. The measure of deflection
determines the refractive index. For float glass, this
refractive index is n=1.52.

TECHNICAL PROPERTIES

Chemical resistance against

Water;= class 3 (DIN 52296)
Acid= class 1 (DIN 12116)
Alkaline= class 2 (DIN 52322 and ISO 695)

The surface of glass is affected if it is exposed for a long time

to alkalis (and ammonia gases in damp air) in conjunction with
high temperatures. Float glass will also react to compounds
that contain hydrofluoric acid under normal conditions. These
are used for treating glass surfaces.

The main characteristics of glass are transparency,

heat resistance, pressure and breakage resistance
and chemical resistance.

TYPES OF GLASSES
The different types of glasses are different
in their properties and uses:

Soda glass or soda-lime glass

Coloured glass
Plate glass
Safety glass
Laminated glass
Optical glass
Pyrex glass
Photo-chromatic glass
Lead crystal glass

SODA GLASS OR SODA-LIME GLASS

It is the most common variety of glass.

It is prepared by heating sodium carbonate and silica.
It is used for making windowpanes, tableware, bottles and
bulbs.

COLOURED GLASS

Small amounts of metallic oxides are mixed with the hot

molten mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone.
The desired colour determines the choice of the metallic
oxide to be added, as different metallic oxides give different
colours to the glass.
Coloured glass is much in demand. It is used for decorating
walls, making sunglasses, and for making light signals for
automobiles, trains and aeroplanes.

PLATE GLASS

Plate glass is thicker than ordinary glass. It has a very

smooth surface. It is made by floating a layer of molten
glass over a layer of molten tin.
It is also called float glass.

It is used in shop windows and doors

SAFETY GLASS

It can also be called shatterproof glass. It is made by

placing a sheet of plastic such as celluloid between sheets
of glass. The special quality of this glass is that in case of
breakage the broken pieces stick to the plastic and do not
fly off. You must have noticed a broken window-pane of a
bus or a car still in its place. It is used in automobiles. It is
also used for making bulletproof screens.

LAMINATED GLASS

It can also be called bulletproof glass. Several layers of

safety glass are bound together with a transparent
adhesive. The larger the number of layers used the greater
is the strength of the glass. It is stronger than safety glass.
It is used in aeroplanes and windshields of cars.

OPTICAL GLASS

Optical glass is softer than any other glass. It is clear and

transparent. Potassium and lead silicates are used in
making optical glass. It is also called flint glass. The main
use of flint glass is in the manufacture of lenses, prisms and
other optical instruments.

PYREX GLASS

Pyrex glass is highly heat resistant. In ordinary glass, silica

is the main constituent. In pyrex glass some of the silica is
replaced by boron oxide. Boron oxide expands very little
when heated, thus, pyrex glass does not crack on strong
heating. Pyrex glass is also called borosilicate glass. It has a
high melting point and is resistant to many chemicals.
Laboratory equipment and ovenware are made of pyrex
glass.

PHOTO-CHROMATIC GLASS

Photochromatic glass acquires a darker shade when

exposed to bright light and returns to its original lighter
shade in dim light. This happens because silver iodide is
added to this glass. (silver iodide gets coloured with the
intensity of light.)

LEAD CRYSTAL GLASS

Lead crystal glass has high refractive index, and so has the
maximum brilliance. It sparkles and is used for high quality
art objects and for expensive glassware. It is also called cut
glass because the surface of the glass objects is often cut
into decorative patterns to reflect light. In order to increase
the refractive index, lead oxide is used as flux in crystal
glass, therefore it is called lead crystal glass.

APPLICATIONS OF GLASS
Glass is an unlimited and innovative material that has
plenty of applications. It is an essential component of
numerous products that we use every day, most often
without noticing it.
It is clear thatmodern life would not be possible
without glass!
Packaging (jars for food, bottles for drinks, falcon for
cosmetics and pharmaceuticals).
Tableware (drinking glasses, plate, cups, bowls)
Housing and buildings (windows, facades,
conservatory, insulation, reinforcement structures)

 Packaging (jars for food, bottles for

drinks, falcon for cosmetics and
pharmaceuticals).

 Tableware (drinking glasses, plate,

cups, bowls)

 Housing and buildings (windows,

facades, conservatory, insulation,
reinforcement structures)

Glass is used in the following non-exhaustive list of products:

Interior design and furniture (mirrors, partitions,

balustrades, tables, shelves, lighting).
Appliances and Electronics (oven doors, cook top, TV,
computer screens, smart-phones).
Automotive and transport (windscreens, backlights, light
weight but reinforced structural components of cars,
aircrafts, ships, etc.)

 Interior design and furniture (mirrors,

partitions, balustrades, tables,
shelves, lighting).

 Appliances and Electronics (oven

doors, cook top, TV, computer
screens, smart-phones).

 Automotive and transport

(windscreens, backlights, light weight
but reinforced structural components
of cars, aircrafts, ships, etc.)

 Medical technology, biotechnology,

life science engineering, optical glass
Radiation protection from X-Rays
(radiology) and gamma-rays
(nuclear)

 Renewable energy (solar-energy

glass, wind turbines)

K
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