What we are going to do?

Introduction, occurrence & EC of group 15 ,16,17,18.

Physical and chemical trends.
Atomic and ionic radii.
Electro negativity.
Ionization enthalpy.
Metallic characteristic.
Appearance , density, allotropy.
Atomic volume ,M.P, B.P.
Conductivity, oxidation state .

Chemical property (action of air, metal ,etc.).

Structure of oxyacid.
Preparations
Uses.

P block elements:

The elements whose

outer most electron

occupied p orbital
element is called p
block element.
Exception:He

Elements belongs to p block :

Why to study p block:

As it contain many essential , toxic

elements.
It is the only block which contain all metals ,
metalloid and non metals.
P block has many uses in our day today
life.

P block elements uses:

Urea contain Nitrogen

Protein & albumin contain Nitrogen

Refrigerator contain

Nitrogen
Soft drink contain

phosphorous
Insecticides contain

Arsenic

Alloy contain

Antimony
In respiration

oxygen is used
Ozone protect

from UV

Rubber contain Sulphur

Disinfectant contain

chlorine

Semiconductor

selenium
6

.
Common salt

chlorine

Sulfuric acid-

sulphur

Tooth paste

-fluorine

Thyroid iodine

Lightening -Neon

Occurrence:
Nitrogen:
i. Free state : 78% about volume in gaseous form.
ii. Combined state : As nitrate (NaNO3,KNO3) in combined

form.
iii. Also present in protein and albumin.
.Phosphorous:
i. P occurs in minerals of apatite family,Ca9(PO4)6,CaX2
(X= Cl, F, OH),
ii. P is main constitute of rocks also present in bones ,
present in milk, egg in form of protein.
.Arsenic ,Bismuth and Antimony present as ores in
form of their oxide and sulphide ores(As2O3,BiO3).

Electronic configuration:

Trends in physical and chemical

properties:
Atomic &ionic radii: increases down the

group i.e. from N to Bi.

N
P
As
Bi

Sb

Atomic &ionic radii

N
Sb

As

Electronegativity:
Means pulls of nucleus to added electron
It decreases down the group i.e. from N-Bi .

N
Bi

As

Ionization enthalpy: IE
It decreases down the group i.e. from N-Bi.

1cm

2cm

3cm

N(1402)
P(1012)
As(947)
4cm
Sb(824)
IE of group 15 is much greater than group 14 , s
size of group is much smaller than group 14. (same
reason).

Conductivity:
Means flows of electron or charge.
It Increases down the group i.e. from N-Bi.

(explanation same above)

N & P = non conductor , As = poor conductor
Sb = good conductor , Bi = very good
conductor of electricity and heat .

Metallic character and non

metallic character:
The metallic character of an element can

be defined as how readily an atom can

lose an electron or we can say how easily
electron flows (from property base)
It Increases down the group i.e. from N-Bi.
Explanation same as above.

Physical appearance: sab

Nitrogen is gas (diatomic) with triple bond.
P, As, Sb: are semisolid (tetra atomic) with

single bond between each pair of electron.

.
eg. White phosphorous
red phosphorous

Bismuth is (monatomic) solid.

Density:
It Increases down the group i.e. from N-Bi
as we know density equal to mass dependent

volume i.e. mass per volume and mass

directly proportional to density thus density
increases with mass.
Nitrogen phosphorous having low density,
arsenic and antimony having higher density
bismuth having highest density.

Atomic volume:
means volume occupied by 1 gm of element.
It Increases down the group i.e. from N-Bi
As we move down the group size increases, and

complexity of structure increases thus it occupied

more volume hence atomic volume increases.
While phosphorus has high at. volume because as we
know that structure is base on two thing
1. Covalent bond between atoms.
2. Vander wall forces of attraction.
As in arsenic the Vander wall forces are stronger
then P there fore which results into close packing.
there fore P has more volume than As.

M.P. and B.P:

Melting point means energy require to break the bond

Or we can say M.P depends on two factor

1. Structure (how compact the structure is)
2. Forces of attraction .
N2

M.P
B.P

N
63k
77.2K

P
317k
554K

As
1089k
888K

Sb
904k
1160K

P4
Bi
544k
1837K

In above structure we can see that the

complexity of structure increases as we move

from N to As but it decreases in Sb while in Bi
is mono atomic there fore it has less complex
structure. There fore M.P increases N to As
then decreases.
Boiling points depends only on force or we
can say it is temp. require to remove off the
forces of attraction to convert liquid into gas.
As we move from N to Bi the forces of
attraction increases there fore the B.P also
increases .

Allotropy:
It is define as property of same elements to

exists in different forms.

Other than bismuth all shows allotropy.
Nitrogen exist in different form nitrogen, nitrogen.
Phosphorous having several form red phosphorous,

white phosphorous, black phosphorous.

Grey arsenic, yellow arsenic and black arsenic are

different form of arsenic.

Antimony having three form metallic form, yellow
antimony and explosive antimony.

Oxidation state:
As the group shows E.C. ns2, np3 suggest

common oxidation state of the group 15 are

+3,+5 and -3.
In all group 15 element only N is which shows
range of oxidation state i.e.
NH3 = -3 , N2H4 = -2 , NH2OH = -1 , N2
= 0 ,N2O = +1 NO = +2 , HNO2 = +3 ,NO2
= +4 , HNO3 = +5
Other elements mostly shows only +3 , +5
oxidation state like they form PH3,PCl5, As3
etc.

Reasoning questions:
Why above member of group shows +5 oxidation

state while lower ones shows +3 oxidation state?

N
Bi
due to inert pair effect i.e As we move from N to Bi size
increases but charge of nucleus increases lot thus this
extra charge pull all s orbital electron which is there
fore doesnt take part in oxidation state

Q:Why PH3 has low boiling point than NH3?

and
Q:NH3 form H-bonding but PH3 not?
NH3 molecules are always associated through

hydrogen bonding in liquid state while in case

of PH3 there is no hydrogen bonding in liquid
state.

.
Due to Electronegativity difference between N and P, N

being more electronegative can form hydrogen bond

while P can not.
Electronegativity difference between P and H is very
less results into PH bond is less polar bond than N-H.
thus require less temperature to break.
(Electronegativity of N=3 , P=1.9 & H=1.2)

Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Boiling point of PH3 is less (185.5k) than NH3(238.5k).

NH3 is more stable than other hydrides

like PH3,..,BiH3?
STBILITY : NH3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3 BiH3.
Stability electro negativity.
As N is more electro negative then other and

form H bonding thus is more stable and has

less reducing power.
While in BiH3 electro negativity of Bi is very
less there fore it is less stable and is good
reducing gent.

Q:Nitrogen does not form penta halide but

phosphorous can why?
Q:NF3 is possible but NF5 is not why?
Q: why in NH3,N undergo sp3 hybridization and in
PCl5 P undergo sp3d hybridization?
In NH3,
N (7) = 2,5
= 1s22s22p3

GEOMETRY OF
NH3:Pyramidal

In PCl5,

P(15) = 2,2,6,2,3
= [Ne] 3s23p3

Hybridized

GEOMETRY OF
PCl5:trigonal bipyramidal

Q:Oxygen is gas as diatomic and sulphure is

solid occur hexa atomic? why N is gas and P
is solid ? N is diatomic while P is tetra atomic?
As we know element having p-p bonding are
always diatomic and gaseous in nature.
In N due to small size and multiple bond it form
p-p bond but in phosphorous due to having
large size and dont have multiple bond doesn't
form p-p.
There fore N is gas and P is solid , N is diatomic
while P is tetra atomic.
.

NH3 is more basic than PH3?

In NH3 due to small size of N electron cloud is

more hence it donate it much more each while
in P size is more here electron cloud is les and
hence it donate electron less than N.

Reactions:
Action of air : They form there oxides.

N2+O2
2NO
Action of oxidizing acid : Hot conc. HNO3 has
no action on N2 but 20 mole of it react with P4&
As4 gives respective oxy cid.
P4+20HNO3
As4+20HNO3

4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O
4H3AsO4+20NO2+4H2O
arsenic acid

Action of alkaline :phosphorous react with 3

moles of alkali solution to give phosphine and

sodium hypophosphite.
P4+3NaOH+3H2O
PH3+3NaH2PO2

Action of metal :

6Li+N2
6Mg+P4
6Ca+P4

2Li3N
2Mg3P2
2Ca3P2

Action of Hydrogen : (EH3)

They form gaseous hybrids.

N2+3H2

catalyst

2NH3

Anomalous nature of
Nitrogen: SHAMPO TH
Nitrogen

Other elements

State

Gas

Solid

Form
(atomicity
)

Diatomic (N2)

Tetra atomic (P4,As4)

Hydrogen
bonding

Form H-bonding with hydride

compound

Do not form H-bonding

with hydride compound

Multiple
bonding

Due to multiple bond N form

PP bond.

They form P d over

lapping.

Oxidation
state

Wide range of oxidation state

-3 to +5

Limited oxidation state

Pent
halide

Doesn't form

They form

Hydrides

Hydrides of N is NH3 is more

basic and more stable

Less basic less stable

Tri halide

Unstable (NF3)

stable

Important compound of Nitrogen:

Dinitrogen
Ammonia
Nitric acid
Oxides of Nitrogen

Important compound of
phosphorous:
Allotropic forms (white, red and black

phosphorous ).
Phosphine.
Phosphorous halides (PCl3,PCl5).
Oxyacid of phosphorous.

Preparation of Dinitrogen:
Commercial method:
As we know air contain 78% of N2 hence
we can distil it from air.
We know boiling point of O2=90k ,N2=77k
As difference is less than 30k .
we can use fractional distillation.

Dinitrogen by :
Lab method:
By action of solution of ammonium

chloride on sodium nitrate we get

Dinitrogen.
NH4Cl+NaNO2
N2+2H2O+NaCl

pass through H2SO4

containing k2Cr2O7
to remove impurity
likeNO,HNO3.

N2 (PURE)

Example of Preparation of
Dinitrogen:

Dinitrogen from:
Ammonium dichromate:
On thermal decomposition of ammonium
dichromate or by adding bleaching powder to
ammonia solution nitrogen is obtain.
(NH4)2Cr2O7
N2+4H2O+Cr2O3
(chromium III oxide)

3CaOCl2+2NH3

3CaCl2+3H2O+N2

Dinitrogen from:
Sodium or barium azide:
By thermal decomposition of sodium or
barium azide, nitrogen is obtain in pure form.
Ba (N3)2
Ba+3N2
2NaN3

2Na+3N2

Properties of Dinitrogen: COTN BIIS

Colour less
Odour less
Taste less gas.
Non toxic gas.
B.P : Low B.P.(239k) and F.P.(195k)
Isotopes: 2 stable isotopes 14N and 15N
Inertness: Inert at room temperature .

Reactivity increase with temperature.

solubility : Less soluble in water

Chemical properties:
At higher temperature N2 react with metal to

form ionic nitrides and with non metal to form

covalent nitrides
E.g.
3Mg+N2
Mg3N2
N2+O2
2NO at(2000k)
At higher temperature(773k) it react with
Hydrogen and form ammonia.(Haber's process )
N2+3H2 773K
2NH3
Reaction with calcium carbide
CaC2+N2
CaCN2+C (1000K)

Uses of Dinitrogen:
It dilute the action of O2 in air thus make

combustion less rapid.

Filling electric lamp.
Provide inert atmosphere in certain
metallurgical operation.
Manufacturing of NH3, HNO3, CaCN2 and
other N compound.
Liquid nitrogen used in refrigerant.

Ammonia:

Preparation of ammonia:
Lab method (small scale ): (Imp.)(oct. 14)

2NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2

CaCl2+2NH3+2H2O

Example

Manufacturing method:
Haber's process:
N2+3H2
2NH3 (g)

Example:

Ammonia
By hydrolysis of calcium cyanamide with

super heated steam:

CaCN2 is prepared by heating CaC2 with N2
at 1273k.
CaC2+N2
CaCN2+C
CaCN2+3H2O
CaCO3+2NH3

Properties:COBBSS
Physical properties:
1. Colour: colorless
2. Odour: pungent
3. B.P & M.P: high due to H bonding.(B.P=

239.7k &F.P=198.4K)
4. Basicity : highly basic due to small size of
N.
5. Solubility : highly soluble due to H bonding.
6. Shape : trigonal pyramidal geometry,
shape.

2NH3+3CuO
heat
3Cu+3H2O+N2
4NH3+5O2
1100k,pt
4NO+6H2O .. (M-13)
NH3+3Cl2
(excess )
NCl3+3HCl .. (M-13)
2Na+2 NH3
575k
2NaNH2+H2 .. (M-13)
NH3+H2O
NH4+ + OHDue to presence s of lone pair electron on N , ammonia

is Lewis base.
It is use in detection of metal ions such as Cu+, Ag+.
Cu2+ + 4NH3
[ Cu (NH3)4]++ DEEP
BLUE
tetra amine copper II
Ag+ + 2NH3
[Ag(NH3)2]+ .COLOR
LESS

Uses:
In preparation of NH4NO3, (NH4)3PO4,

(NH4)2SO4 and fertilizer.

To produce HNO3 by Ostwald's process.
Coolant in refrigerator.

Structure of NH3

Nitrogen is sp3 hybridized.

It contain lone pair of electron due to which its

bond angle is 107.5.

It has three bond pair and one lone pair of
electron
It has tri gonal pyramidal geometry as N
contain lone pair of electron which disturb
other bonds and make molecule like
pyramidal.

Nitric acid:

Preparation of Nitric acid:

Lab method (small scale ):
NaNO3+H2SO4
NaHSO4+HNO3

Large scale preparation:

Prepared by Ostwald's process.
4NH3+5O2 pt/Rh(500k/9bar) 4NO+6H2O
or pt/1100k

2NO+O2
3NO2+H2O

2NO2

2HNO3+ NO
(dil.)
This dil. HNO3 is conc. By distillation, upto 68 %
by mass. while 98% HNO3 can be achieved by
dehydration with conc. H2SO4.

Properties:CBSSSH
Colour less liquid ,
B.P. 356k ,F.P 231k
Stability: unstable.
In lab grade contain 68% by mass,
specific gravity 1.5g
Structure :In gaseous state HNO3 is planar

structure.
Hydrolysis
HNO3+H2O

H3O+ + NO3-

It is strong oxidizing agent it attack all metal

except noble elements e.g. platinum, gold .

3Cu+8HNO3(dil.)
3Cu(NO3)2+2NO+4H2O
Cu+4HNO3(con.)
Cu(NO3)2+2NO2+2H2O

Action on non metal :

It oxidized to them.
C+4HNO3(hot con.)
I2+10HNO3

CO2+4NO2+2H2O
2HIO3+10NO2+4H2O

P4+20HNO3

4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O
S8+48HNO3

8H2SO4+48NO2+16H2O

Action on gold platinum :

They dont react with conc. HNO3. but they

dissolve in aqua regia (mixer of 3 part conc. HCL

and 1 part conc. HNO3)

Action of organic compound :

As nitrating agent,

A) Nitration of benzene:

B) Nitration of toluene:

C) Nitration of phenol:

oxidizing agent:
Cane sugar (sucrose) on oxidation with nitric

acid gives oxalic acid.

C12H22O11 + 18 (O)
5H2O

HNO3

6(COOH)2+

Brown ring test: m-14

It is used to find the presence of nitrate ions
Process: conc. H2SO4 + solutions of nitrate

ions
dil. FeSO4 soln. added side wise
Fe2+ reduces nitrates to nitric oxide (NO).
NO again react with Fe2+
brown
colour complex

Cooled

NO3- ion present

Brown ring test:

Uses:

Nitric acid is used in: PEFER

Pickling of stain less steel
etching (cutting) of metals
fertilizer and organic dyes.
explosive
Use for dissolving metal in preparation of

nitrites , the, and oxidizer in rocket fuel.

Oxides of nitrogen:

Dinitrogen oxide
(N2O):laughing gas
It is diamagnetic (contain even no. of

electrons)linear molecule.

Nitric oxide: (NO):nitrogen

mono oxide:
Is good oxidizing and reducing agent.
Most stable among all.
Contain odd electron i.e. 11 valence electron

there fore paramagnetic in nature.

But exist in dimer form there fore electron
become even hence is di magnetic.
N-O =115pm

Nitrogen trioxides:
(N2O3):nitrogen sesquioxide:
Brown colour gas.
Planar molecule with one planar N atom and

one angular N atom.

Diamagnetic in nature as have even valence

electrons.

Nitrogen dioxides: (NO2)

Reddish brown gas.
NO2 paramagnetic and as have odd electron

there dimerises and form N2O4 which is

diamagnetic.
As have nascent oxygen (NO2
NO+ O)
acts s n oxidising agent.

Dinitrogen tetra oxides: (N2O4)

Planar molecule.
No unpaired electron there for diamagnetic in nature.
Formed by dimerisation of two NO2 molecule.

O
N

O
O
O-N-O= 135
pm

degree

N-N= 176pm
N-O= 118

Dinitrogen pentoxides:
(N2O5)
Excellent oxidizing agent.
Diamagnetic in nature
Formed by combining to NO2 molecule

through one oxygen atom as bridge.

Phosphorus:

Allotropic forms:
White phosphorous.
Red phosphorous.
Black phosphorous.

White phosphorous: NOSSR FM GD

Nature : translucent, poisonous yellowish white waxy

solid.
Odour: garlic
Solubility : Dissolve in many organic solvent
likeCS2,benzene and sulphur chloride ,
but insoluble in water.
Stability : less stable.
Reactivity : more reactive due to angular strain i.e. only
60 degree.
Flammable : catches fire give white fume of P4O10.
P4+ 5O2
P4O10
M.P =317K
Glow in dark.
Dissolves in boiling caustic solution to form phosphine
and sodium hypo phosphate.
P4+ 3NaOH+3H2O
PH3+ 3 NaH2PO2

Red
phosphorous:
NOSSR
FM GP
Nature
: reddish
violet
non poisonous powder.

Odour: odour less

Solubility : insoluble in H2O,Ether,alkali,CS2 but

dissolves in conc. HNO3.

Stability : more stable than white phosphorus.
Reactivity : less reactive due than
white phosphorus.
Flammable : doesnt catches fire.
M.P =above 773K
Doesnt glow .
Preparation : prepared by heating white
phosphorus at about 573k without air using iodine
catalyst for few days.

Black phosphorous.

Nature : black powder, graphite like appearance.

Solubility : insoluble in CS2.
Stability : thermodynamically most stable.
Reactivity : least reactive.
Preparation :

white/red phosphorus
phosphorus

black

470k
high pressure

Forms : black phosphorus, black phosphorus.

red phosphorus
white phosphorus
phosphorus

803k

black phosphorus

473k/pressure

black

USES:
Fertilizers
Alloy
Match sticks.
Medicine
Bombs
Rat poison

Phosphine:PH3

Preparation:
By action of water on calcium or aluminum

phosphide, acid or dil. Sulphuric acid may also

be used.
Ca3P2 +6H2O
3Ca(OH)2 +2PH3
Ca3P2 +6HCl

3CaCl2 +2PH3

2AlP+3H2SO4
Al2(SO4)3+2PH3
In lab preparation involve heating of white

phosphorous with conc. Sodium hydroxide

solution , in inert atmosphere of Co2
P4+3NaOH+3H2O
PH3+3NaH2PO2

From above reaction we get only impure PH3

which is inflammable.
Pure phosphine is not inflammable and it is
prepared by treating impure phosphine with
HI which gives phosphonium iodide which on
further reaction with caustic soda potash
solution gives pure PH3.
PH4I+KOH
KI+PH3+H2O

Properties: COSER RRHH

colour less gas

odour : rotten fish , highly poisonous ,
solubility : sparingly soluble in water.
Forms explosive mixture with oxygen.
reaction with acids : not react with acids or

alkalis.
Reaction with strong acid: gives phosphonium
compounds.
PH3 +HBr
PH4Br
Powerful reducing agent.
On heating (600k): gives red phosphorus.
Hydrogen bonding: doesnt form H bonding.

USES: (HORS)
In preparing of Holmes signal for ship to

know bout the position of rocks in sea.

(phosphine catches fire in air and light up
acetylene which is acts as a signal for
approaching ship).
Preparation of Organo phosphorus

compounds.
powerful reducing agent.
Preparation of Smoke screen

Phosphorus halides:
There re two type
PX3 (X= F, Cl, Br, I)
PX5 (X= F, Cl, Br)

PI5 does not exist due to steric factors.

PCl3: preparation
P4+6Cl2

4PCl3

Properties:
Colour less
State: oily liquid.
specific gravity 1.6 .
On hydrolysis,

PCl3 +3H2O
H3PO3+3HCl
It react with chlorine even in cold,
PCl3+Cl2
PCl5
Reaction with organic compound,
3CH3COOH+ PCl3
3CH3COCl+H3PO3
3C2H5OH+ PCl3
3C2H5Cl+H3PO3
Reaction with AgCN:
3AgCN+ PCl3
P(CN)3+3AgCl

Phosphorus pentachloride:

Preparation:
By passing excess Cl2 gas over white

phosphorus or over PCl3.

P4 +10Cl2
4PCl5
By action of SO2Cl2 on phosphorus.
P4+ 10SO2Cl2

4PCl5 +10SO2.

Properties:
Yellowish white powder , sharp odour .
Sublimes below 373k
Hydrolysis in presences of moisture to

POCl3.
PCl5+H2O
POCl3+3H2O
PCl5

POCl3+2HCl
H3PO4+3HCl
PCl3+Cl2

.
Reaction with organic compounds;
C2H5OH+PCl5

C2H5Cl+POCl3+HCl
CH3COOH+PCl5

CH3COCl+POCl3+HCl
Reaction with metals:

always gives PCl3.

2Ag+PCl5

2AgCl+PCl3

Sn+2PCl5

SnCl4+PCl3

USES:
In synthesis of some organic compound PCl5

is used e.g.C2H5Cl, CH3COCl.

Also used as a chlorinating agent.

Structure:
PCl3

PCl5

HYBRIDIZATION
STATE

sp3

sp3d

SHAPE

pyramidal

bipyramidal

NUMBER OF Cl
ATOM

BOND ANGELE

107

90
120

BOND LENGTH

204pm

240pm
202pm

Oxoacids of phosphorus:
Acid with oxygen known as Oxoacids.
They all contain P-OH, P=O in their structures.

1)Hypo phosphorus acid: (H3PO2) :

Also called phosphinic acid: CCMPPRS:
oxidation state +1
COLOUR: colourless solid
CONSIST : two P-H , one P-OH and one P=O.
M.P: 403K
PROTIC: mono protic or mono basic as
contain only one OH.

PREPARATION: H3PO2 prepared by the

oxidation of phosphine with iodine in water.

PH3 + 2I2 + 2H2O H3PO2 + 4I + 4H+

Strong REDUCING AGENT. ( as contain two PH BOND)

SOLUBILITY: alcohol and water soluble.

2)Orthophosphorus acid: (H3PO3) : oxidation state

+3
Also called phosphonic acid: CCMPPR
COLOUR: colourless solid
CONSIST : two P-OH , one P-H and one P=O.
M.P: 346K
PROTIC: Diprotic or dibasic as contain only two

OH.
PREPARATION: The hydrolysis of phosphorus trioxide
or phosphorus trichloride forms phosphorous acid.
P4O6 + 6H2O 4H3PO3

Strong REDUCING AGENT. ( as contain one PH BOND)

3)pyrophosphorus acid: (H4P2O5) : oxidation state

+3
: CPPR
CONSIST : two P-OH , two P-H, two P=O and
one P-O-P bond.
PROTIC: Diprotic or dibasic as contain only two
OH.
PREPARATION: Orthophosphorousacid, when treated
with phosphorus trichloride, gives
pyrophosphorousacid.
5H3PO3 + PCl3 3H4P2O5
+ 3HCl

Strong REDUCING AGENT. ( as contain one PH BOND)

4)Hypophosphoric acid: (H4P2O6) : oxidation

state +4
CPP (oct.13)

CONSIST : Four P-OH , one P-P and two P=O.

PROTIC: tetraprotic or tetra basic as contain

only four OH.

PREPARATION: It is obtained by the alkaline
hydrolysis and oxidation of red phosphorus.

5)Pyrophosphoric acid: (H4P2O7) : oxidation state +5

CCMPP (oct.14)
COLOUR: white solid
CONSIST : four P-OH , one P-O-P and two P=O.
M.P: 346K
PROTIC: tetraprotic or tetra basic as contain only

fourOH.
PREPARATION: When phosphoric acid is heated gently
to about 2200c, it loses water molecules to form pyro
phosphoric acid.
2H3PO4

220C

H4P2O7 + H2O

6)Ortho phosphoric acid: (H3PO4) : oxidation

state +5
CCMPP
COLOUR: white crystalline solid
CONSIST : three P-OH and one P=O.
PROTIC: triprotic or tri basic as contain only

fourOH.
PREPARATION: It is prepared by dissolving
phosphorus pent oxide in water and then
boiling the solution.
P4O10 + 6H2O 4H3PO4

7)Poly meta phosphoric acid: (HPO3)n :

oxidation state +5
Also called meta phosphoric acid.
CCMPP
CONSIST : three P-OH, two P-O-P and three
P=O.
PROTIC: triprotic or tri basic as contain only
fourOH.
PREPARATION: Crystalline phosphorus acid, on
being heated with bromine in a sealed tube,
gives meta phosphoric acid.
H3PO3 + Br2 HPO3 + 2HBr

Group 16
elements

INTRODUCTION:
They are also called as

CHALCOGEN.

OCCURANCE:
Oxygen:
o 46% by mass of earth crust.
o 21% by volume in air.
o H2O,Cotton, carbohydrates.

Sulphure:
o Combined state as ,
o Sulphate form, gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O),

epsum(MgSO4.7H2O)
o Sulphide form like ZnS,PbS,CuFeS2 &H2S.
o Also occur in onion, garlic, mustard ,
eggs, hair etc.

Selenium and Tellurium:

o occur as sulphide ores.
Polonium:
o Radio active, name derivative form Poland

(hence country of Marie curie who

discovered element in 1892 )
o Occur as a decay product of thorium,
uranium.

Electronic configuration:

physic state and molecular

structure: sAS
STATE: Oxygen is gas while other elements

are solids.
ATOMICITY: Oxygen diatomic molecule while
other are poly atomic.
STRUCTURE: Sulphure ,selenium form
puckered ring structure.
Example, crown sulphure
S8.

Atomic and ionic radii

Due to small size , electron of group 16

elements experience greater nuclear pull

hence have small atomic or ionic radii than
group. 15.
Atomic radii increases down the group due to
addition of new shell at each successive
element on moving down the group.

Density and Electronegativity

Due to mass increases density increases

down the group.

Electronegativity:
Group 16 element have high Electronegativity
than group 15 element due to small size.
While Electronegativity decreases down
the group as size of atom increases.

M.P & B.P:

propert
y

Se

Te

Po

Melting
point

55

393

490

725

520

Boiling
point

90

718

958

1260

1235

Huge difference between M.P &B.P Of

oxygen is due to atomicity i.e. oxygen is
diatomic (having only 2 bond between the
atoms) while others are polyatomic (having
many bonds)

But M.P of polonium is lower than tellurium

due in polonium the intermolecular

vender Waal forces are weaker than in
tellurium consequently it has lower M.P &B.P.

Ionization enthalpy:
The ionization energy (IE) is qualitatively defined as the

amount of energy required to remove the most loosely

bound electron of an atom to form a cation.
As atomic radius increases
down the group IE decreases.
IE of group 15 is much higher
Than group 16 as group 15
Elements have electronic
Configuration ns2,np3 means they
have half filled p orbital thus they
are more stable than Group 16
therefore IE of group 15 is much
higher than group 16 .

Electron gain enthalpy: EGE

EGE means electron affinity for metals, and

due to high Electronegativity group 16

elements possess high value of EGE.
It decreases down the group due to size
increases down the which results in decreases
in pull there fore as move down the group
Electron gain enthalpy decreases.

Metallic character:
Increases down the group.
First two element of the group are non metals
Next two are metalloids.
And last two are metals.
Reason is same as previous..

Catenation:
Oxygen show little tendency toward

catenation.
Sulphur show high tendency toward
catenation ,and form polysulfide e.g. H-S n- H
It is very essential in biological system and
occur in several protein and enzyme.
Catenation tendency decreases on
moving down the group.

Allotropy:
All elements of group 16 shows allotropy.
Oxygen: Oxygen (O2),ozone(O3).
Sulphur: sulphur, sulphur, sulphur,

homocyclic sulphur and plastic sulphur.

Selenium:
1. Crystalline form: monoclinic ,grey metallic
Selenium.
2. Amorphous from: dark brown, vitreous and
red amorphous selenium.
. Tellurium : metallic Tellurium, non metallic
Tellurium.
. Polonium: Polonium , Polonium

Oxidation state:
Electronic configuration is ns 2 np4. hence either we

can gain 2 electron or lose 6 electron.

Hence oxidation state vary from -2 to+6
(theoretically).
But losing 6 electron is difficult. As metal with+6 will
be unstable. Also lose of 6 decreases size there fore
mostly metal does loose 6 electron.
O
S
Se
Te
Po
-2,-1,0,1,2
-2,2,4,6
-2,2,4,6 -2,2,4,6
2,4
Oxygen doesnt show +6 due to small size means
pull from nucleus is more, and polonium due to inert
pair effect(s orbital electrons are not available due as
we move from O to Po charge increases lot) .

Example:
element
s

-2

-1

H2O

H2O2

O2

O2F2

OF2

H2S

SCl2

SO2

SO3

Tendency of showing -2 and +6 is decrease down

the group.

Chemical property:
Action of air:
They re not affected by dry air at room

temperature, but on heating form dioxide.

S+O2
SO2, Se+O2
SeO2
Action of non metal;
These elements combine directly with carbon ,
hydrogen and halogens.
2S+C
CS2,
S+H2
H2S
S+3F2
SF6

.
Action of Metals:
Metals when heated with S, Se and Te for

sulphide, selenides and telluride respectively.

Cu+S
CuS
Cd+Se
CdSe

Anomalous behavior of
oxygen: MOHHMAD
Property

oxygen

other

d orbital

absent

present

Atomicity

Di atomic

Poly atomic

Para magnetic

Di magnetic

-2 (most)

+2, +4, +6

form

Not form

pp bonds form

Not form.

Liquid(H2O)

Gas(H2S)

Magnetic behavior
Oxidation state
H-bonding
Multiple bonds
Hydrides at room
temperature.

Dioxygen:
Preparation:
By thermal decomposition of certain oxygen

rich salt;
2KMnO4

heat

K2MnO4+MnO2+O2

(Oct-13).

By thermal decomposition of certain metallic

oxides:
2Pb3O4
2BaO2

heat
heat

6PbO+ O2
2BaO+ O2

Property : COT H BIP

It is colourless odourless and tasteless gas.
It is heavier than air.
B.P. 90.2K, M.P. 54.4k
Oxygen atom has three stable isotopes.
16O, 17O, 18O.

It is paramagnetic in nature.

Chemical properties:
Reaction with metals;
2Ca+O2
2CaO
2Mg+O2
2MgO
Reaction with ammonia;
4NH3+5O2
1073K/Pt
4NO+6H2O
Reaction with HCl;
4HCl+O2
700K/CuCl2
2Cl2+2H2O
Reaction with SO2;
2SO2+O2
725K/Pt 2SO3

Reaction with carbon disulphide;

CS2+3O2
2SO2+CO2
Reaction with metal sulphide;
2MgS+3O2
2MgO+2SO2

USES:
RAMM WEB

Respiration.
In hospital for artificial respiration.
In manufacturing of large no. of

compound such as
phenol, sulphuric acid and nitric acid.
In metallurgical process for removing impurities
of metal.
Oxy acetylene is used in metal wielding
as explosive in coal mining with charcoal.
Burning.

Classification of oxides:
Acidic oxides :
Acidic oxides are oxides of non-metals.
They react with water to form an acid; or react
with a base to form a salt.
They are formed when a non-metal burns.
CO2+H2O
H2CO3
Basic oxides :
A basic oxide is an oxide that shows basic

properties in opposition to acidic oxides

reacts with water to form a base; or. reacts with
an acid to form a salt and
CaO+H2O
Ca(OH)2

Amphoteric oxides :
In chemistry, an Amphoteric compound is a
molecule or ion that can react as an acid as
well as a base.
Many metals (such as copper, zinc, tin, lead,
aluminium, and beryllium) form Amphoteric
oxides or hydroxides.
Al2O3+6HCl
2AlCl3+3H2O
Al2O3+ 2NaOH
2NaAlO2 +H2O

OZONE:
O3 this formula was determine in 1865.
Diamagnetic
Pungent odour
are at the height of 23km Protect us from uv

rays.
Prepared by oxygen only.
O2
O + O*
O2 + O*
O3*
O3* + M
O3 + M (M= O2 or N2)

PREPARATION:
When dry oxygen is passed through a silent

electric discharge, ozone is formed.

Oxygen get converted into ozone about 10%,
this mixture is known s ozonised oxygen.

PROPERTIES:CONS DOR
Colour:
1. Gas: blue
2. Liquid : blackish blue
3. Solid : violet blue
. Odour : pungent
. Name ozone derived from: Greek word

ozein means bad smell.

. Stability : Thermodynamically Unstable .
. Depletion: Freon's or CFC of refrigerator &
NO are responsible for ozone depletion.
. NO + O3
NO2 + O2

Oxidizing agent:

It acts s Oxidizing agent.

PbS + 4O3
PbSO4 + 4O2
Reducing agent:
It acts as reducing agent.
BaO2 + O3
BaO + 2O2

STRUCTURE OF
OZONE:M-14
Have two resonance
Diamagnetic
In ozone molecule oxygen atom is bonded by

single and double bond.

USES:DS MP B
Disinfectant
Sterilize air and water
Manufacture of silk, camphor.
Protect us from uv rays
Bleaching agent

SULPHUR:
ALLOTROPES OF SULPHUR:

There are round 20 different allotropes of

sulphur.
i.e. S1,S2,S3,S4,S5,S6,S7,S8,S9S20.
In which three are most common. i.e. ,,
sulphur.

1. sulphur: S8
CMSSSS

also called as octahedral sulphur or rhombic

sulphur.
. Colour: pale yellow solid.
. M.P: 385K
. Stability: most stable among all
. Shape : ortho rhombic or crown like.
There fore known as rhombic sulphur.
. Solubility: water insoluble and CS2
Soluble.
.Specific gravity : 2.06

2. sulphur: S8

CMSSSSP
also called as prismatic sulphur or Monoclinic
sulphur.
Colour: bright yellow crystals .
M.P: 393K
Stability: less stable than sulphur
more stable than sulphur.
Shape : puckered ring or crown like.
Solubility: soluble in CS2.
Specific gravity : 1.98
Preparation :
sulphur
96 degree
sulphur

3. sulphur: S8
also called as plastic sulphur
Colour: Pale yellow crystals .
M.P: no sharp M.P.
Stability: least stable.
Shape : open chin structure but changes to
rhombic form on standing .
Solubility: insoluble in both water and CS2.
Specific gravity : 1.95
S
S
S

S
Preparation :

S
sulphur

113 degree

sulphur

4. Di sulphur: S2
Paramagnetic in nature
Preparation:
sulphur 1000 degree
Di sulphur
5. Hexa sulphur( cyclo-S6)
has cyclic ring with chair like structure.

Sulphur dioxide :
Preparation: it occurs in volcanic gases and

burning of coil.
S (s)+O2 (g)
In lab0ratory:
I.
II.

Cu+2H2SO4
Na2SO3+2HCl

SO2

(g)

CuSO4+SO2+2H2O
2NaCl+H2O+SO2

.Industrial method:
.Produce as by product in roasting of pyrites and
blends.
.4FeS2+11O2
2Fe2O3+8SO2

PROPERTIES:COSBR
Colour less
Pungent and Suffocating odour.
Highly soluble in water, (SO2+H2O
H2SO3)
Liquefies at room temperature under 2 atm.

pressure and boil at 263k.

Act as strong reducing agent e.g.
I2+SO2+2H2O
2NaOH+SO2

2HI+H2SO4

H2O+Na2SO3
Na2SO3 +H2O+SO2
2NaHSO3
SO2+Cl2
SO2Cl2, 2SO2+O2 V2O5 2SO3

Uses:
In manufacture of H2SO4
In manufacture of industrial chemicals.
in refining of petroleum and sugar industry
As germicides preserving of fruit.
In liquid form, Used as solvent to dissolve many

inorganic and organic compounds.

As anti-chlor disinfectant and preservative
Being Lewis base and ligand it form many
coordination compound.
It is use as temporary bleaching agent, in

presence of moisture.

SIR G SAc LLB

Structure of SO2

(march15)

Sulphur in SO2 molecule is sp2 hybridized

having lone pair on S.

In structure , each oxygen is joined to sulphur
by a and a bond. i.e. 2 ,2 bonds.
One bond rises from p -p overlap
and other from p -d overlap.
Molecule have O-S-O bond angle 119
degree while bond length 143 pm.

Contact process

Properties:

(COS HAVV DOBB)

COLOUR

COLOUR LESS

ODOUR

ODOUR LESS

STATE

OILY LIQUID AT STP

HYGROSCOPICITY

HYGROSCOPIC

ACIDITY

HIGHLY ACIDIC

VOLATILITY
HIGHLY VISCOUS
DILUTION

OXIDIZING AGENTS
BASICITY
B.P. ,
F.P.

LOW
DUE TO PRESENCES OF H
BONDING
HAVE AFFINITY FOR H2O BUT
EXOTHERMIC THUS DILUTION
DONE CAREFULLY
AS OXIDIZING AGENTS
Di BASIC
611K
283K

CHEMICAL PROPERTY:
Reaction with water:

H2SO4 + H2O
H3O +HSO4HSO4- + H2O
H3O + + SO4-2
As dehydrating agent:
HCOOH
H2SO4
CO+H2O
C6H12O6
H2SO4
6C+H2O
Oxidizing agent:
C+2H2SO4
CO2+2SO2+2H2O
P4+10H2SO4
P4O10+10SO2+10H2O
Zn+2H2SO4
ZnSO4+SO2+2H2O
Cu+2H2SO4
CuSO4+SO2+2H2O

Reaction with PCl5:

OH-SO2-OH+Cl-PCl3-Cl
OH+POCl3+HCl
Cl-SO2-OH+PCl5

Cl-SO2SO2Cl2+POCl3+HCl

USES:
In batteries(lead)
Explosive
Dehydrating agent
Detergents
commonly used in lab
Fertilizer
In preparation of HCl , HNO3, H3PO4 etc.

Oxoacids of sulphur:

Sulphoxylic acid:
H2SO2(+2)

Sulphurous acid:
H2SO3(+4)

Thio sulphurous acid:

H2S2O2(-2,+4)

S
HO

OH

.Dithionous acid:

Or hydro Sulphurous acid:

H2S2O4(+3)
pyro Sulphurous acid:
H2S2O5(+4)
HO

Sulphuric acid:
H2SO4(+6)

O
S

OH

Thio Sulphuric acid:

H2S2O3(-2,+6)

Dithionic acid:
H2S2O6(+5)

pyro Sulphuric acid:

H2S2O7(+6)
(oleum)

.
Per oxy di-sulphuric acid:
H2S2O8(+6)

Peroxy mono Sulphuric acid:

H2SO5(+6)

Group 17 elements:
Halogens family
Halo means salt, gen- generator

Electronic configuration:

Occurrence:
F, Cl fairly abundant ,
Br , I less abundant ,
At. Radio active rare.
As it is very reactive non metals, therefore Occurs

in combine state
F present in CaF2(flourospar)
Na3AlF6(cryolite) also present in rocks , sea
water.
Cl in sea water e.g. NaCl
Br in sea water e.g. NaBr
I in sea water e.g. NaI,CaI2 also present in
marine life like plants.

Physical trends:
Physical state: F, Cl are gases at room

temperature ,Br is liquid while I is solid.

They exist as diatomic molecule.
Inter molecular force between their molecules is
Van der Waal's forces , it is increases F to I.
Atomic and ionic radii:
1. it is increases down the group.
2. Decreases left to right reason is same as previous.
.Ionization enthalpy: it is very high for halogen, it
decreases down the group.
.Electronegativity: it decreases down the group.
.Density:

In halogen it increases on moving down the group.

Electron gain enthalpy: for halogen it is negative ,

because
this group has electronic configuration ns 2 np5
means required only one electron to complete its
octet there fore they prefer to take one electron
hence they re negative.
halogens has maximum negative EGE compared
to corresponding groups reason same s above.
Non metallic character:

Due to higher value of Electronegativity all halogen

re typically non metal.
as we move down the group metallic character
increases or we can say non metallic character
decreases.

Colour ,M.P. ,B.P.(they possess low M.P.,B.P. Which

increase down the group because increase in intermolecular forces )

Oxidation state:
Fluorine is the most electronegative element

in the periodic table.

it has an oxidation number of -1 in all its
compounds.
Because chlorine, bromine, and iodine are
less electronegative
It is possible to prepare compounds in which
these elements have oxidation numbers of
+1, +3, +5, and +7.
They have outer electronic configuration ns2
np5.

Chemical trends:
Oxidizing nature:
Being strongly electro negative halogen have

strong tendency to accept an electron and

form anions.
Thus halogen have strong tendency to
undergo reduction.
They re strong oxidizing agents
F2 +2X2F - +X2 (X=Cl, Br, I)

.
Reaction with ,metal and non metals.
All halogen react with metal and non metals

to form halides.
Reactivity decreases down the group.
Cu+ F2
CuF2
S+Br2
SBr2

Reactivity toward hydrogen:

Halogen react with halogen to give halogen

halides.
H2+F2
H2+Cl2

Dark

diffused sun light

2HF
2HCl

H2+Br2

heat

2HBr

H2+I2

heat

2HI

Reducing character:
HF does not show the Reducing character but
HI is strong Reducing agent
From HF to HI the bond strength decreases
Thermal stability also decreases
Hence Reducing power increase.
Reactivity toward oxygen:
All halogen react with oxygen to form

oxides .e.g. OF2,Cl2O.

Bleaching action:
F, I doesnt shows Bleaching action
Br shows slow Bleaching action
While Cl is good Bleaching agent. due to

formation of nascent oxygen given by

hypochlorous acid
Cl2+ H2O
HCl + HOCl
HOCl
HCl + [O]

Anomalous behavior of F:

(m-14)

Fluorine shows anomalous behavior due to

(i) its small size
(ii) highest Electronegativity
(iii) low bond dissociation energy
(iv) absence ofd-orbitals in the valence shell.

The main points of difference are:

ROHN BE P( m-14)

reactivity
Oxidation state
Hydrogen
bonding
Nature of
compound
behavior
Electron gain
enthalpy
Poly halide ions

fluorine
More
-1
form

other
Less than F
+1,+3+5 and
+7
Not form

ionic

Covalent

Liquid, weak
acid
Less than Cl

Gases , strong
acid
More in Cl

Not form

Form e.g. I3-

Chlorine: (preparation)
Chloro is a Greek letter which means

greenish yellow which is nothing but the gas

colour.
BY OXIDATION.
I. MnO2+ 4HCl
MnCl2 + Cl2 +2H2O
II. PbO2+ 4HCl
PbCl2 + Cl2 +2H2O
III. Pb3O4+ 8HCl
3PbCl2 + Cl2 +4H2O
IV. 2KMnO4+ 16HCl

2MnCl2+ 2KCl + 5Cl2

+8H2O
K2Cr2O7+ 14HCl
+7H2O

2CrCl3+ 2KCl + 3Cl2

V.

.
BY ACTION OF MINERAL ACIDS ON

BLEACHING POWDER:
CaOCl2+ 2HCl
CaCl2 + Cl2 +H2O
CaOCl2+ H2SO4
CaSO4+ Cl2 +H2O

Manufacturing:
Deacon process:
HCl gas is oxidized by using atmospheric O2.
4HCl+O2
CuCl2
2Cl2+2H2O
Electrolytic process:
In this process Cl2 is obtain as by product.
It involve electrolysis of NaCl
Cl2 gas liberated at anode.

Properties:COSHH BLFP
Colour: greenish yellow gas, ,
Odour: pungent and suffocating odour.
Soluble in water
With water give crystal Cl2.8H2O
Heavier than air
B.P. 239k
Liquefied easily
Fatal at large scale
Poisonous, in small quantity cause headache

and irritation of nose throat and lungs

Combination with metal:

2Na+Cl2
2NaCl
Reaction with water:
Cl2+H2O
HCl + HOCl
2HOCl
2HCl + O2
Combination with nonmetal:
2As+3Cl2
2AsCl3
Affinity of hydrogen:
H2+Cl2
2HCl
Reaction with ammonia
3Cl2+NH3

6NH4Cl+N2

3HCl+NCl3, 3Cl2+8NH3

Reaction with CS2:

CS2+3Cl2
CCl4+S2Cl2
2S2Cl2+CS2
CCl4+6S
Reaction with alkalies:
Cl2+2NaOH
NaCl+NaOCl+H2O
Displacement of bromine and iodine:
2KBr+Cl2
2KCl+Br2

USES:BES M
As bleaching agent in paper and textile industry
Extraction of metal like gold
Sterilization of municipal supply water
Manufacturing of
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

bleaching powder
Several explosive
Refrigerator
Poisons gases such as mustard gas
HCl, HOCl etc., synthetic plastic (PVC)
Insecticide(DDT, BHC)

HYDROGEN CHLORIDE :
HCl
Method of preparation:
NaCl + H2SO4 420K NaHSO4 +HCl
NaHSO4 + NaCl 823k Na2SO4 +HCl
Properties:
Colourless
Odour : pungent
State: liquid
B.P: 189k M.P: 159k

Chemical properties:
Reaction with water:
HCl +H2O
H3O+ + Clreaction with metals :
2Na + 2HCl
2NaCl + H2
reaction with ammonia:
NH3 + HCl
NH4Cl
USES: PLG MEM
Preparation of H2 gas
Lab reagent in manufacture of dyes.
In galvanizing.
In medicine
Extracting glue from bones.
Manufacture of Cl2, NH4Cl.

Inter halogen compound

An interhalogen compound is a molecule

whose atom contains two or more different

halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine,
iodine, or astatine). Most interhalogen
compounds known are binary (composed of
only two distinct elements)
Exmples:IF5, ICl3.

Preparation:
Cl2+F2
Cl2+3F2

437K
573K

2ClF
(colour less gas)
2ClF3 (colour less gas)

I2+3Cl2
I2+Cl2

2ICl3
2ICl

(Yellow powder)
(Red solid)

Br2+3F2
Br2+5F2

2BrF3
2BrF5

(Yellow green liquid )

(colourless liquid )

Characteristic CURD HAVO

Covalent in nature
unstable but non explosive
Inter halogen like ClF3 are very reactive and act as

strong fluorinating agents.

More reactive than halogen
Diamagnetic.
Under go hydrolysis when treated with hydrogen e.g.
ICl+2H2O
H3O+Cl+HOI
Form addition compound with unsaturated
hydrocarbon.
C2H4 + ICl
CH2ClCH2I
Volatile.
Behave as strong oxidizing agent and give a mixture
of halides.

structures

USES: HEPP FON

XX type are used as halogenating agents
ICl is used in estimation of I no. of fats and

oil
Preparation of poly halides
ClF3, BrF3 used in production of UF6.
U+3ClF3
UF6+3ClF
ClF3, BrF3 used as fluorinating agent
oxidizer in propellants
As non aqueous solvent BrF3 is as Lewis
acid

Oxoacids of halogen:
F form only one oxyacid i.e. HOF, due to high

electro negativity.
Oxoacids
of halogen

Hypohalo
us acid

Halous
acid

Halic acid

Per halic
acid

HOF

Cl

HOCl

HOClO

HOClO2

HOClO3

Br

HOBr

HOBrO2

HOBrO3

HOI

HOIO2

HOIO3

Group 18 elements: Noble gases

Introduction
The noble gases (Group 18) are located in the far

right of the periodic table and were previously

referred to as the "inert gases" due to the fact that
their filled valence shells (octets) make
themextremely nonreactive.
He(Helium)
Ne(neon)
Ar(argon)
Kr(krypton)
Xe(xenon)
Rn(radon)

Electronic configuration:
Helium 1s2
Neon [He] 2s2 2p6
Argon [Ne] 3s2 3p6
Krypton [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6
Xenon [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6
Radon [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6

Atomic radii:
As we move from top to bottom Atomic radii increases
As we move from left to right in periodic table it

decreases but radii of Ne is more than halogen

Due to inter electronic repulsion (shell size in all
left to right element is same but electron increases in
case of nobles it become more, it create electronic
repulsion therefore size increases.
Ionization enthalpy:
As we move from top to bottom ionization enthalpy
decreases
from left to right in it increases.
As they are completely filled and very stable , require
large amount of energy to remove electron.

Electron gain enthalpy:

Due to stable electronic configuring , these

gases have no tendency to accept electron

these element shows large positive values.
M.P. and B.P.
As we move from top to bottom it increases
They are very low for noble gases due to
weak inter atomic force.
Water solubility
All are Water soluble
It increases moving down the group.

Due to dipole induced dipole interaction

between H2O and noble gases

Water molecule induced polarization into
noble gases by distorting its electron
cloud(electromeric effect)
After their effect interaction occur
As size increases the polarity of noble gas
also increases
As we move from top to bottom solubility
increases

Physical state: COT SD

Colourless
Odourless
Tasteless
Solubility : water soluble
Diffusion they can easily diffused through

glass , rubber, plastic etc.

Chemical property:
Less reactive; due to
1. Filled valence shell
2. High I.E. , positive electron gain enthalpy

etc.
. Reactivity increases down the group i.e. He ,
Ne, and Ar are non reactive. and Kr, Xe and
Rn are limited reactive
. Reactivity of elements:
. in 1962 Bartlett formed a compound O2PtF6.
here ionization energy of O2=1175kj/mol
. And as we know ionization energy of Xe is
1170kj/mol
.

Uses:
Helium: BMW N RAPP
Filling balloon, air ships
Producing inert atmosphere in metallurgical

operation
welding of metal
In nuclear reactor
In respiration in deep sea,
treatment of asthma
In production super conducting magnets
Production of low temperature

Neon:
Production of Neon light
Beacon light for pilot
In botanical garden and green houses
In safety devices and in electrical

instruments
In TV sets

Argon:
Used to fill fluorescent discharge lamp
gas chromatography(mobile phase)
Preparation of neon sign lamps
In labs for handling substance that are air

sensitive

Krypton:
In filling discharge tube
For making krypton atomic lamps which is

comic ray instrument

Used in signal light on runway
krypton-85 is used to measure thickness of
sheets of metal and plastic

Redon:
Treatment for cancer
Research in radio activity
For photographing the interior of opaque

material

Xenon:
Xe and Kr mixture is used in flash bulb which

is used in high speed photography

In research for detection of mesons and
gamma photons.