Working Principle of

Internal Combustion
Engine, Refrigerator and
Air Conditioner

By: Ayush Khunteta

Y13UC059

The Thermodynamics
The mother stream of science for all
the energy conversion engineering
processes.
Thermodynamics is the science of
energy transfer and its effects on the
physical properties of substances.
The Zeroth, First, Second, and Third
Law.

The Internal Combustion

Engine
The combustion occurs inside the
engine body.
It is essentially a Heat Engine as
defined by the Thermodynamics.
Isothermal addition of heat Q1
Adiabatic expansion producing work
W1
Isothermal rejection of heat Q2
Adiabatic compression consuming
work W2

The Carnot Engine

Working of I.C. Engine

Working of I.C. Engine

EFFICIENCY
Effiency= = Net work output/total
heat input
=W/Q1
=(Q1-Q2)/Q1
=1-(Q2/Q1)

The Refrigerator
A refrigerator is a device which
operating in a cycle, maintains a
body at a temperature, lower than
the temperature of the surroundings.
This process is known as the process
of Refrigeration.

The process of
Refrigeration

Coefficient Of
Performance
COP= Desired Effect/Work input
COP= Q2/W
COP= Q2/(Q1-Q2)

The Air Conditioner

The Refrigants
Class 1: This class includes refrigerants that cool by phase
change (typically boiling), using the refrigerant'slatent
heat.
Class 2: These refrigerants cool by temperature change or
'sensible heat', the quantity of heat being the specific heat
capacity x the temperature change. They are air, calcium
chloride brine,alcohol, and similar nonfreezing solutions.
Class 3: This group consists of solutions that contain
absorbed vapors of liquefiable agents or refrigerating
media. These solutions function by nature of their ability to
carry liquefiable vapors, which produce a cooling effect by
the absorption of their heat of solution. They can also be
classified into many categories.

The R# Nomenclature
The R-# numbering system is used to systematically
identifies the molecular structure of refrigerants made
with a single halogenated hydrocarbon.
(i)For saturated hydrocarbons and their
derivatives three digit number
First digit = C 1 = one less than
the C atoms in the compound
Second digit = H + 1=one more than
the H atoms in the compound
Third digit = Number of fluorine
atoms
FOR EXAMPLE:
C2H2Cl2F2 = R-132
CH4 = R-50

For Example
For example,R-134ahas 2 carbon
atoms, 3 hydrogen atoms, and 4
fluorine atoms, an empirical formula
of tetrafluoroethane. The "a" suffix
indicates that the isomer is
unbalanced by one atom,
giving1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane. R134 (without the "a" suffix) would
have a molecular structure of 1,1,2,2Tetrafluoroethanea compound not

THANK YOU
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