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Chapter 10 Notes
Chapter 10
How Equilibrium Calculations Can
Be Applied to Complex Systems
Example 10-1
Write mass-balance expressions for a 0.0100 M solution of HCl that is in equilibrium with an excess of solid
BaSO4.
From our general knowledge of the behavior of aqueous solutions, we can write equations for three
equilibria that must be present in this solution.
BsSO4(s) Ba2+ + SO42SO42- + H3O+ HSO4- + H2O
2H2O H3O+ + OHBecause the only source for the two sulfate species is the dissolved BsSO4, the barium ion concentration
must equal the total concentration of sulfate-containing species, and a mass-balance equation can be
written that expresses this equality. Thus
[Ba2+] = [SO42-] + [HSO4-]
The hydronium ion concentration in this solution has two sources: one from the HCl and the other from the
dissociation of the solvent. A second mass-balance equation expression is this
[H3O+] + [HSO4-] = cHCl + [OH-] = 0.0100 + [OH-]
Since the only source of hydroxide is the dissociation of water, [OH-] is equal to the hydronium ion
concentration from the dissociation of water.
For Na+
For Mg2+
For PO43-
mol positive charge/L = (3 mol positive charge/mol PO43-) X (mol PO43- /L)
= 3 X [PO43-]
Example 10-3
Write a charge-balance equation for the system in
Example 10-2.
[Ag+] + [Ag(NH3)2+] + [H3O+] + [NH4+] = [OH-] + [Br -]
Example 10-4
Neglecting the dissociation of water, write a chargebalance equation for a solution that contains NaCl,
Ba(ClO4)2, and Al2(SO4)3.
[Na+] + 2[Ba2+] + 3[Al3+] = [Cl-] + [ClO4-] + 2[SO42-]
The solubility of a
precipitate
containing an anion
with basic
properties, a cation
with acidic
properties, or both,
will depend on pH.