KINETICS OF

PARTICLES
PREPARED BY:
NORHAYATI BINTI AHMAD
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
POLITEKNIK IBRAHIM SULTAN

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

Understand concepts of kinetics of particles:

force, mass and acceleration

Understand concepts kinetics of particles: work

and energy

Understand concepts kinetics of particles:

impulse and momentum

INTRODUCTION
As you will know, if you want to accelerate an object, you will need
to apply a force to the object. If there is no resultant force acting on
an object then it will not accelerate or decelerate, it will travel at a
constant speed.
A good example of this is a car travelling at a constant speed along
a road. The engine is making the car move forward, but air
resistance is pushing back against the motion of the car. If the two
forces are balanced, then there is no resultant force and so the car
will not accelerate.
As you will probably be able to tell by looking at different types of
cars, the bigger the mass of the car, the bigger the force that will be
required to accelerate the car. The force, acceleration and mass of
an object are linked by the equation:

And this is often written as:

F = ma
And it can also be written as an equation triangle:

Newton's second law

Newton's

second law of motion pertains to the behavior of objects

for which all existing forces are not balanced.
The second law states that the acceleration of an object is
dependent upon two variables - the net force acting upon the
object and the mass of the object.
The acceleration of an object depends directly upon the net force
acting upon the object, and inversely upon the mass of the object.
As the force acting upon an object is increased, the acceleration
of the object is increased.
As the mass of an object is increased, the acceleration of the
object is decreased.

A particle will accelerate when it

is subjected to unbalanced forces

EXAMPLE
What is the acceleration of a 2kg brick thrown
with a force of 4 newtons?
Step 1 Make sure all measurements are in correct
units. (In this case they are)
Step 2 Calculate the acceleration using the
formula a = f/m
=> a = 4/2 = 2m/s/s

Try it yourself
Net Force (N)

Mass (kg)

10

20

20

4
2

10

Acceleration
(m/s2)

5
10

EXAMPLE
If a car is travelling at 40m/s and it crashes, its velocity will decrease to 0m/s. If the crash lasts
1 second, then the deceleration will be:
Deceleration (m/s2) = Final velocity (m/s) starting velocity (m/s) /time (s)
-40 m/s2 = (0 m/s 40 m/s)/1s
And so the force on a passenger with a mass of 80kg can be calculated from the equation:
Force (N) = Mass (kg) Acceleration (m/s2)
-3200 N = 80 kg -40m/s2
This could be very harmful to the passenger, so how do car manufacturers try and make cars
safer and lower the force that the passengers feel in a crash? Well one way of making cars
safer, is to make the duration of a crash last longer. Cars now have various safety features to
increase the duration of a crash and so they protect the people travelling inside, such as seat
belts and crumple zones

EXAMPLE
Crumple zones are a very good way of increasing the duration of a crash. If we
can make the same crash as above increase in duration from 1 second to 2 seconds, then
the deceleration will be:
Deceleration (m/s2) = Final velocity (m/s) starting velocity (m/s) /time (s)
-20 m/s2 = (0 m/s 40 m/s)/2
And so the force on a passenger with a mass of 80kg will now be:
Force (N) = Mass (kg) Acceleration (m/s 2)
-1600 N = 80 kg -20m/s
You can see that by doubling the duration of the crash, you can halve the force that the
passengers feel.

EQUATION OF MOTION

The equation of motion may be written as

Consider particle P of mass m and subjected to

the action of two forces, F1 and F2.

From the free body diagram, the resultant

of these forces produces the vector ma, it
magnitude and direction can be
represented graphically on the kinetic
diagram.

 Note

that if FR = F = 0, then acceleration is zero, so

that the particle will either remain at rest or moves
along a straight line with a constant velocity.
Such a condition is called static equilibrium, Newtons
First Law of Motion

SYSTEMS OF PARTICLE
The sum of the external forces acting on the system of particles is equal
to the total mass of the particles times the acceleration of its center of
mass G.

PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

Free-Body Diagram
Select the inertial coordinate system
Once the coordinates are established, draw the
particles free body diagram (FBD).
It provides a graphical representation that accounts
for all forces (F) which acts on the particle, and
thereby makes it possible to resolve these forces into
their x, y, z components.
The direction and sense of the particles acceleration
a should also be established. If the senses of the
components is unknown, assume that they all are in
the same direction as the positive inertial coordinate
axes.
The acceleration may be represented as the ma
vector
on the kinetic diagram.

Equation of Motion
If the forces can be resolved directly from the
FBD, apply the equations of motion in their scalar
component form.
If the geometry of the problem appears
complicated, Cartesian vector analysis can be used
for the solution.

Kinematics
If the velocity or position of the particle is to be found, it will be
necessary
to apply the proper kinematics equations once the particles
acceleration us determined from F = ma
If acceleration is a function of time, use a = dv/dt and v = ds/dt, which
integrated, yield the particles velocity and position.

 In

all cases, make sure the positive inertial

coordinate directions used for writing the kinematic
equations are the same as those used for writing
the equations of motion, otherwise, simultaneous
solution of the equations will result in errors.
If the solution for an unknown vector component
yields a negative scalar, it indicates that the
component acts in the direction opposite to that
which is assumed.

Summary of procedure of analysis

specified kinematic conditions, find forces straightforward
application of Newtons law as algebraic equations
specified forces, find motion Difficulty depends on the form of force
function (t, s, v, a), as the solutions are found by solving a system of
differential equations. For simple functions, we can find closed form
solutions of motion as in rectilinear motion

 Unconstrained motion
Motion of the particle is determined by its initial motion and the forces
from external sources.
It is free of constraints and so has three degrees of freedom to specify the
position.
Three scalar equations of motion would have to be applied and integrated
to obtain the motion.
Constrained motion
Motion of the particle is partially or totally determined by restraining
guides, other than its initial motion and the forces from external sources.
Therefore, all forces, both applied and reactive, that act on the particle
must be accounted for in Newtons law. The number of d.o.f. and
equations are reduced regarding to the type of constraints.

Free body diagram

All forces acting on the particle needed to be accounted in the
equations of motion.
Free body diagram unveils every force that acts on the isolated
particle.
Only after the FBD has been completed should the equations of
motion be written.
The appropriate coordinate axes and directions should be
indicated and consistently used throughout the problem.
Treatment of the body as particle is valid when the forces may be
treated as concurrent through the mass center.

Example

Example

Example
The coefficient of static friction between the flatbed of
the truck and the crate it carries is 0.30. Determine
the minimum stopping distance s that the truck can
have from a speed of 70 km/h with constant
deceleration if the crate is not to slip forward.

If the truck of comes to stop from an initial forward speed of 70 km/h in

a distance of 50 m with uniform deceleration, determine whether or not
the crate strikes the wall at the forward end of the flat bed. If the crate
does strike the wall, calculate its speed relative to the truck as the
impact occurs. Use the friction coefficients s= 0.3 and k= 0.25.

If the coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the 20-kg

block A and the 100-kg cart B are both essentially the same value
of 0.50, determine the acceleration of each part for
(a) P = 60 N and (b) P = 40 N.