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holistic understanding
(to understand we use four lines of
evidence):
(1)Developmental(socialization)
Crosscultural
(rangeof
variability,roleof
socialvalaues)
human
Sleep
abuseand
neglect
Onethirdofourlivesspent
doingit!
(2)
Evolutionary
Origins,
Function,
Reconstruction
(3)Crossspecies
Sleep
What is sleep?
Recognizing sleep:
behavioral criteria
Behavioral inactivity;
A characteristic sleep posture
Decreased responsiveness to
stimulation
A rapid return to waking with moderate
stimulation
Why Do We Sleep?
Proximate
Explanation:
Ultimate Explanation
sustains our
ability to
reproduce
successfully, by
maintaining good
health
Circadian rhythm
Refers to circa=approximately and
dias=day
Earths rotation--light-dark cycle, on 24hour circadian system. Activity-nonactivity (circadian rhythms) can be further
subdivided up into smaller time activityrest units,called, ultradian cycles
As wakefulness (alert), stage 1 sleep,
stage 2, stage 3 and stage 4 (Non-Rem)
and Rem (rapid eye movement sleep),
also called active of paradoxical sleep.
Light cues
24 hours
Active vs. Rest
What is sleep architecture
(Awake/sleep)
drowsy, stage 1,stage 2, stage 3.
Stage 4, REM, drowsy
Awake/sleep
Nighttime Behavior of
Breastfeeding Human MotherInfant Pairs
Conversing with data
across discipline
cultures:
polysomnography
Why was the
first ever
physiological
study of
mothers and
infants cosleeping
completed by a
biological
anthropologist
?
Polysomnography
(tracings)
Sleep Laboratory
Lounge
Reptile Species
Sleep Position?
Locale?
(requires taxonomic
distinctions)
Co-bedding twins
partial, mixed
Ventral-Ventral mother-infant
contact: is not an example of
unsafe sleep
Solitary Sleep
Function of REM?
Exercise brain cells (neurons) for
memory consolidation, cognition
Oxygenate and distribute nutrients to
body organs and muscles;
Metabolic homeostasis: temperature,
cortisol, prolactin, melatonin release,
human growth hormone?
During REM
motoneurons;
Dreams
Real acts performed elsewhere in time and spacedeja vu- ?considered channels of
communication; shamans learn how to control
events and disease; in some cultures both
spaces..real an imaginary are distinct but both
considered..real..:
Dreams.
Culturally
specific..
Content?
Direct?
Indirect?
Creativity:
Dr.Jeckll and
Mr. Hyde
(Robert
Louis
Stevenson)
Samuel
Taylor
Cooleridge:
Fell asleep in
1797-dreamed 200
lines of one
of his finest
poems:
Kubla Khan
Dreams
Opossum (18)
Bat (19)
Mole (8.5)
Baboon (9.5)
Humans (8?)
Rabbit (8)
Hamster (14)
Rat (13)
Giraffe (2)
Horse (3)
Dog (10)
Seal (6)
Dolphin (10)
Cat (12)
Squirrel (16)
*70% of all sleep is
NREM..Rem varies from 30 min. for
Giraffe to 5 hours for opossum
Polyphasic Species
Baboons-3 -4 naps?
Rabbits-evenly
distributed. light/dark
Rodents: Gerbil,
guinea pig (all day,
short sleep periods);
Cat (domestic) 12/15 cats
nocturnal--2 sleep periods
during night, most sleep
periods during day;
Dogs--polyphasic--with
emphasis of sleep at night;
Horses --polyphasic--3-16
sleep bouts per day;
Goats 0-6 sleep episodes
per 12 hour period
(polyphasic);
Most vulnerable
mammals?
Wake up frequently, must remain
vigilant..to predation
Or must be alert to other
environmental dangers (dolphins
and sharp rocks and reefs)
Relevance of Napping
Across Species
Sleep Disorders
Restless leg syndrome--about 10%
population:
Insomnia--not sleeping;
Parasomnias--not staying asleep for
desired length
Introduce die model (western
societies)..a problem?
Surprisingly common:
25% of four year olds,
10% of 8 year olds, 1%
18 year olds;
Not a disease but a
symptom..delayed
maturity, insecurities;
rule out: diabetes,
cerebral palsy, chronic
urinary tract infections;
sleep apneas
Sleep disorders
Reducing apneas----
CPAP
continuous positive airway
pressure
Sleep Disorders
Somnambulismsleepwalking
40% of children will have an episode,
peaking at between 11-12 years of age;
Considered benign.
Development of Sleep;
General trends
Felididae: Sabertooth
Cats
Felids
(Megantereon)across
three continents