Facts you should know about timber engineering

Hans J. Blass

TIMBER STRUCTURES AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

KIT - University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and

National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association

www.kit.edu

What is special about timber engineering?

Timber is an inhomogeneous building material
Timber is only durable in certain climates
Timber is easy to work with
Timber is an anisotropic building material
Timber connections are generally weaker than timber
members

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Timber is inhomogeneous
Strength grading
Homogenisation

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Performance of different grading parameters

Source: M. Bacher
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Grading principle: bending

1962

Source: M. Bacher
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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Grading principle: vibration + x-ray

Source: M. Bacher
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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Homogenisation

Source: Hess Wohnwerk

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

CLT as linear member in bending

Glulam
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CLT
Hans J. Blass

Timber Structures and Building Construction

Glulam roof structure glulam beam in bending

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Size effect - bending moment:

the higher the depth and span the lower the strength

fm,g,k,ef
khfm,g,k

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Size effect - tensile load:

the longer the member length the lower the strength

ft,0,g,k,ef k_ft,0,g,k

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Timber is only durable in certain climates

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Structural protection

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Surface coating canteen Karlsruhe

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Wood preservation by acetylation

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Wood preservation by acetylation

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Wood preservation by acetylation

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Timber is easy to work with

dbpedia.org
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Timber is easy to work with

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Timber is easy to work with

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Timber is easy to work with

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Timber is anisotropic

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Timber is anisotropic

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Timber is anisotropic
Avoid perpendicular to the grain stresses
Design for low strength and stiffness perpendicular to the grain
Reinforcement

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Shear failure parallel to grain

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Shear reinforcement

Fax

c,90

c,90

Fax

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Crack

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Holes in glulam

A-A

A
splitting tendency

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Holes in CLT

A-A

boards perpendicular
to beam axis

boards parallel
to beam axis

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Curved and pitched cambered beams

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Tensile failure perp. to grain

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Curved and pitched cambered beams

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Notched beam supports

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Reinforcement with screws

A
fully threaded screws

A-A
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CLT as a linear member

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Force perp. to grain

F90 F90
2
2

F90

A
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A-A
Timber Structures and Building Construction

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Compression perp. to grain

Photo: Kreuzinger
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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Compression perp. to grain

c,90

= fc,90

Fc,90
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c,90

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< fc,90

Fc,90

Timber Structures and Building Construction

Reinforcement using screws

300

Bottom
view

8 x 400 mm

250

8 x 260 mm

200
7,5 x 180 mm
150

Bottom
view

100

50

non-reinforced

0
0

displacement in mm
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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Connections are weaker than timber members

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Johansens model

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Failure modes in connections

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Plug shear

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Failure modes in connections

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Splitting

a1
a2

a4

a3

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Reinforcement using
screws with continuous
thread
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Screws stop crack growth

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Screws loaded in shear

F

0,5F
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0,5F
Timber Structures and Building Construction

Inclination of fastener axis

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Truss action
F

0,5F

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0,5F

Timber Structures and Building Construction

Truss action

Ffr
Fc,90
F0
Fax

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Bolted steel connections in shear

Source:
Project KI-Smile
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Truss connection
Photo: Wiehag

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Photo: Atlas Copco

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Inclined screws in steel-to-timber joints

Photo: Atlas Copco

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Inclined screws in steel-to-timber joints

Photo: Atlas Copco

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Connection test Stuttgart University

Ultimate load per shear
plane:
Test 1: FU = 6200 kN
Test 2: FU = 6600 kN

Photo: Universitt Stuttgart

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Failure mode: screw tensile failure

Photo: Universitt Stuttgart

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Photo: Universitt Stuttgart

Timber Structures and Building Construction

Screws parallel to member axis

glulam B
CLT

A
A
B

glulam

B-B
A-A

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Timber Structures and Building Construction

Threaded rods

Glulam

CLT
T

Screws parallel to member axis

B-B

B
CLT

A-A
A

B
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glulam
Timber Structures and Building Construction

Axially loaded screws

Preliminary tests led to timber
splitting or screw withdrawal after
timber reinforcement

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Hans J. Blass

Thank you very much for your attention !