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Two Types
1.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic
acid
2.
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
RNA
Protein
Nucleic
each
Nucleotide
RNA
DNA
Adenosinetriphosphate
triphosphate
Base (adenine)
Ribose
G = -50 kJ/mol
nicotinamide
A nitrogenous base
(pyrimidines or purine)
A pentose sugar
4
Ribose (-D-furanose) is
a pentose sugar (5membered ring).
20
Deoxyribonucleotides
2'-deoxyribose sugar
with a base (here, a purine,
adenine or guanine)
attached to the C-1'
position is a
deoxyribonucleoside
(here deoxyadenosine and
deoxyguanosine).
Phosphorylate the 5' position
and you have a nucleotide(here,
deoxyadenylate or
deoxyguanylate)
21
Fig. 8-4
Fig. 8-4
22
Ribonucleotides
The ribose sugar with a
base (here, a pyrimidine,
uracil or cytosine) attached
to the ribose C-1' position
is a ribonucleoside (here,
uridine or cytidine).
Phosphorylate the 5'
position and you have a
ribonucleotide (here,
uridylate or cytidylate)
Fig. 8-4
24
Fig. 8-4
Nucleotide nomenclature
25
10/10/05
Nucleotide nomenclature
26
Fig. 8-39
10/10/05
Nucleic acids
Nucleotide monomers
can be linked together via a
phosphodiester linkage
formed between the 3' -OH
of a nucleotide
and the phosphate of the
next nucleotide.
Two ends of the resulting polyor oligonucleotide are defined:
The 5' end lacks a nucleotide at
the 5' position,
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10/10/05
Sugar-phosphate backbone
10/10/05
31
10/10/05
Fig. 8-11
lompat
10/10/05
DNA structure
2 strands twisted into a helix
sugar -phosphate backbone
nitrogenous bases form steps in ladder
constancy of base pairing
A binds to T with 2 hydrogen bonds
G binds to C with 3 hydrogen bonds
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40
41
SignificanceofDNAstructure
1. Maintenanceofcodeduringreproduction.
Constancyofbasepairingguaranteesthat
thecodewillberetained.
2. Providingvariety.Orderofbases
responsibleforuniquequalitiesofeach
organism.
42
DNAreplication
Beginsatanoriginofreplication
HelicaseunwindsandunzipstheDNAdoublehelix
AnRNAprimerissynthesized
DNApolymeraseIIIaddsnucleotidesina5to3
direction
LeadingstrandsynthesizedbyDNApolymerase
continuouslyin5to3direction
Laggingstrandsynthesized5to3inshortsegments;
overalldirectionis3to5
DNAisreadinthe3to5direction;Nucleotidesare
addedinthe5to3direction.
43
ManyProteinCollaborateat
ReplicationFork
Flowofgeneticinformation
46
Geneexpression
TranscriptionDNAisusedtosynthesize
RNA
RNApolymeraseistheenzymeresponsible
Translationmakingaproteinusingthe
informationprovidedbymessengerRNA
occursonribosomes
47
Whataretheproductsthatgenesencode?
RNAsandproteins
Howaregenesexpressed?
transcriptionandtranslation
48
Genotypegenesencodingallthepotential
characteristicsofanindividual
Phenotypeactualexpressedgenesofan
individual(itscollectionofproteins)
49
DNAproteinrelationship
1. Eachtripletofnucleotides(codon)specifies
aparticularaminoacid.
2. Aproteinsprimarystructuredeterminesits
shape&function.
3. Proteinsdeterminephenotype.Livingthings
arewhattheirproteinsmakethem.
4. DNAismainlyablueprintthattellsthecell
whichkindsofproteinstomakeandhowto
makethem.
50
DNAproteinrelationship
51
3typesofRNA
messengerRNA(mRNA)
transferRNA(tRNA)
ribosomalRNA(rRNA)
52
53
DNA
Transcription
RNApolymerase
RNA
Translation
ribosomes
PROTEINS
54
Transcription
1. RNApolymerasebindstopromoterregion
upstreamofthegene
2. RNApolymeraseaddsnucleotides
complementarytothetemplatestrandofa
segmentofDNAinthe5to3direction
3. Uracilisplacedasadeninescomplement
4. Attermination,RNApolymeraserecognizes
signalsandreleasesthetranscript
1001,200baseslong
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Transcription
56
Translation
Ribosomesassembleonthe5endofa
mRNAtranscript
RibosomescansthemRNAuntilitreaches
thestartcodon,usuallyAUG
AtRNAmoleculewiththecomplementary
anticodonandmethionineaminoacidenters
thePsiteoftheribosome&bindstothe
mRNA
57
Translation
58
59
Using this
chart, you can
determine
which amino
acid the codon
codes for!
Which amino
acid is
encoded in the
codon CAC?
60
Find the
second
letter of
the codon
CAC
Find the
first letter
of the
codon
CAC
Find the
third letter
of the
codon
CAC
61
CAC codes
for the
amino acid
histidine
(his).
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What does
the mRNA
codon
UAC code
for?
Tyr or tyrosine
63
InterpretingtheDNAcode
64
Translationelongation
AsecondtRNAwiththecomplementary
anticodonfillstheAsite
Apeptidebondisformed
ThefirsttRNAisreleasedandtheribosomeslides
downtothenextcodon.
AnothertRNAfillstheAsite&apeptidebondis
formed.
Thisprocesscontinuesuntilastopcodonis
encountered.
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Translationtermination
TerminationcodonsUAA,UAG,and
UGAarecodonsforwhichthereisno
correspondingtRNA.
Whenthiscodonisreached,theribosome
fallsoffandthelasttRNAisremovedfrom
thepolypeptide.
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Polyribosomalcomplex
68
Eucaryotictranscription&translationdiffers
fromprocaryotic
1. Donotoccursimultaneously.Transcriptionoccurs
inthenucleusandtranslationoccursinthe
cytoplasm.
2. EucaryoticstartcodonisAUG,butitdoesnotuse
formylmethionine.
3. EucaryoticmRNAencodesasingleprotein,unlike
bacterialmRNAwhichencodesmany.
4. EucaryoticDNAcontainsintronsintervening
sequencesofnoncodingDNAwhichhavetobe
splicedoutofthefinalmRNAtranscript.
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Splitgeneofeucaryotes
70
MultiplicationofdsDNAviruses
71
Multiplicationof+ssRNA
72
Regulationofproteinsynthesis&
metabolism
Operons
acoordinatedsetofgenes,allofwhichare
regulatedasasingleunit.
2types
inducibleoperonisturnedONbysubstrate:
catabolicoperonsenzymesneededtometabolize
anutrientareproducedwhenneeded
repressiblegenesinaseriesareturnedOFFby
theproductsynthesized;anabolicoperon
enzymesusedtosynthesizeanaminoacidstop
beingproducedwhentheyarenotneeded
74
Lactoseoperon:inducibleoperon
Madeof3segments:
1. Regulatorgenethatcodesforrepressor
2. Controllocuscomposedofpromoterand
operator
3. Structurallocusmadeof3geneseachcoding
foranenzymeneededtocatabolizelactose
galactosidasehydolyzeslactose
permeasebringslactoseacrosscellmembrane
galactosidasetransacetylaseuncertainfunction
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Lacoperon
Normallyoff
Intheabsenceoflactosetherepressorbinds
withtheoperatorlocusandblockstranscription
ofdownstreamstructuralgenes
Lactoseturnstheoperonon
Bindingoflactosetotherepressorprotein
changesitsshapeandcausesittofalloffthe
operator.RNApolymerasecanbindtothe
promoter.Structuralgenesaretranscribed.
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Lactoseoperon
77
Arginineoperon:repressible
Normallyonandwillbeturnedoffwhen
nutrientisnolongerneeded.
Whenexcessarginineispresent,itbindsto
therepressorandchangesit.Thenthe
repressorbindstotheoperatorandblocks
argininesynthesis.
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Repressibleoperon
79
Antibioticsthataffectgene
expression
RifamycinbindstoRNApolymerase
ActinomycinDbindstoDNA&haltsmRNA
chainelongation
Erythromycin&spectinomycininterferewith
attachmentofmRNAtoribosomes
Chloramphenicol,linomycin&tetracyclinebind
toribosomeandblockelongation
Streptomycininhibitspeptideinitiation&
elongation
80
MutationschangesintheDNA
Pointmutationaddition,deletionor
substitutionofafewbases
Missensemutationcauseschangeina
singleaminoacid
Nonsensemutationchangesanormal
codonintoastopcodon
Silentmutationaltersabasebutdoesnot
changetheaminoacid
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