FORCE

MIKEE VHIE D. CARONAN

SCALING LAWS

simple observations about how physics works on different

sizes

GENERAL RULE:

Smaller things
are less affected
by gravity.

The magnitude of the

forces between objects
depend on their sizes and
the distance z between
them.

DISTINCT FORCES IN
UNIVERSE

GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
is a natural phenomenon by which all things with energy are
brought toward (or gravitate toward) one another, including
stars, planets, galaxies and even light and sub-atomic
particles.

At nanoscale, it is so weak that they can be neglected.

NUCLEAR FORCE
a strong attractive force between nucleons in the atomic nucleus
that holds the nucleus together.

Act in very short distances and therefore dominates interaction that

occur within the atom

is much smaller than gravitational force and can also be neglected

ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE
As opposed to gravitation, will obviously control the

interactions that occur when a very small bacterium

makes contact with a mineral surface.

TYPES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE

STERIC FORCE
arise from a fact that eachatomwithin amoleculeoccupies a
certain amount of space. If atoms are brought too close
together, there is an associated cost inenergydue to
overlappingelectron clouds(PauliorBornrepulsion), and this
may affect the molecule's preferred shape (conformation)
andreactivity.

SOLVATION FORCE
also sometimes calleddissolution, is the process of attraction
and association ofmoleculesof asolventwith molecules or
ionsof asolute.

VAN DER WAALS FORCE

named afterDutchscientistJohannes Diderik van der Waals,
are the residual attractive or repulsive forces between
moleculesor atomic groups that do not arise from a
covalent bond, orelectrostatic interactionof ions or of ionic
groups with one another or with neutral molecules.

ELECTROSTATIC FORCE
which is also called the Coulomb forceor Coulomb
interaction, is defined as the attraction or repulsion of
different particles and materials based on their electrical
charges.

DEVICE
PERFORMANCE
MARIA PAMELA A. VALCOS

ANALYSIS OF DEVICE
PERFORMANCE
Key Parameters:

LENGTH AREA
LENGTH VOLUME AND MASS
LENGTH ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE
LENGTH NATURAL FREQUENCY

WHEN OBJECTS BECOME VERY SMALL,

THE NUMBER OF ENTITIES CONVEYING
INFORMATION NECESSARILY ALSO
BECOMES VERY SMALL.

DESIGN
CHELSEA JAYE A. SARMIENTO

Although the most obvious consequence of nanotechnology

is the creation of very small objects, an immediate corollary is
that there must be a great many of these objects

EVOLUTIONARY DESIGN ALGORITHM

 Component Failure and Redundancy

- As the number of components in a chip is increased, it may
become more cost effective to build in functional redundancy,
such that failures of some of the components will not affect the
performance of the whole (more explicitly, their failure would
be detected by their congeners, who would switch in
substitutes). Eqn (3.5) can be used to estimate likely numbers
of failures, as a first approximation, considering them to all
occur independently of each other.

QUIZ
1.Where the magnitude of the forces between objects depend in ______(1)______
and

2.______(2)_______
3.It is the process of attraction and association of moleculesof asolventwith
molecules orionsof asolute.

4.It arises from a fact that eachatomwithin amoleculeoccupies a certain amount

of space. If atoms are brought too close together, there is an associated cost
inenergydue to overlappingelectron clouds, and this may affect the molecule's
preferred shape andreactivity.

5.Proponent of Van der Waals Force

6.Give one formula for force.
7.It is one way to overcome noise
8.The human brain served as an inspiration of developers for new designs for it
contains ________ neurons.

9. It supports the failure of a component

10.Generated new designs through recombination and mutation is called ________.

ANSWERS
1. Size
2. Distance
3. Solvation Force
4. Steric Force
5. Johannes Diderik Van der Waals
6. F=m/a ; F=gmm/r^2
7. Repetition of message
8. 10^11
9. Congeners/Redundancy
10.Offspring