Fundamentals of

Digital Signal Processing

BY

Dr. D. K. MOHANTA
PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG.
MVGR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
VIZIANAGARAM-535005
2016

OUT LINE
Digital signal
Signal processing
Block Diagram of DSP
Sampling Theorem
Time Domain Analysis
Frequency Domain Analysis
Applications of DSP
2

SIGNAL
Signal - that conveys some information
Ex:
Traffic signal
Calling bell
Current signal

Signal Processing
Iron core
Bauxite

Iron

PROCESSING
Removing Unwanted
things

Aluminum

Digital Signal Processing: The process is done by

computers, microprocessors or logic circuits.
4

Why Processing Signals?

Extraction of Information
Amplitude
Phase
Frequency
Spectral Content

Generate Feedback
Control Signal
Robotics (ASIMOV)
Vehicle Manufacturing
Process Control

Transform the Signal

Extraction of Signal in
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Noise
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
Filtering
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
Autocorrelation
Convolution
Compress Data
ADPCM (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code
Store Signals in Digital
Modulation)
Format for Analysis
CELP (Code Excited Linear Prediction)
FFT
MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group)
HDTV (High Definition TV)

TIME
DOMAIN
SIGNALS

Continuous-Time
Domain Signal

Analog
Signal

Continuous
Quantized
Signal

Discrete Time
-Domain Signal

Discrete
Signal

Digital
Signal

Block diagram of DSP

system

A/D Conversion Details

Sampling in ADC
Analog input

Sampled signal
Sampling pulse

Amplitude
5V
4V
(a) Analog signal
2V

t
(b) Sampling pulse
0
(c) Sampled pulse

t
Pulse- amplitude
modulation
signal

5V
4V
2V
0

Sampling pulses and PAM waveform

9

Fig: Sampling
circuit

Digital Telephone
Communication System:
Example

10

Merits
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

11

Demerits

Flexibility in
1. Specialized hardware
reconfiguration (as it is a
increases the cost
programmable system)
2. Approximation &
Accuracy
coefficient
quantization errors:
Easy to store
Loss of originality
Implementation is cheap
Aliasing
Digital filters have Linear
3. Stability
phase characteristics
Multi rate Processing

Building Blocks
Analog system
RLC
Energy sources

Adder
Multiplier
Delays

C
R

12

Digital system

Signal Processing
Think about sampling a 1-D function:

13

Signal Processing
Sampling a 1-D function:

14

Signal Processing
Sampling a 1-D function:

15

Signal Processing
Sampling a 1-D function:
What do you notice?

16

Signal Processing
Sampling a 1-D function: what do you

notice?
Jagged, not smooth

17

Signal Processing
Sampling a 1-D function: what do you

notice?
Jagged, not smooth
Loses information!

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Signal Processing
Sampling a 1-D function: what do you

notice?
Jagged, not smooth
Loses information!

What can we do about these?

Use higher-order reconstruction
Use more samples
How many more samples?

19

The Sampling Theorem

Obviously, the more samples we take the

better those samples approximate the

original function
The Nyquist sampling theorem:
A continuous bandlimited function can be completely
represented by a set of equally spaced samples, if the
samples occur at more than twice the frequency of the
highest frequency component of the function

20

The Sampling Theorem

In other words, to adequately capture a
function with maximum frequency f max, we

need to sample it at frequency Fs = 2 fmax.

Fs is called the Nyquist limit.
The Nyquist sampling theorem applied to CDs
Most humans can hear to 20 kHz
CDs are sampled at 44.1 kHz
Although not twice the highest frequency component,

it is twice the highest frequency component that can

be (generally) heard

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The Sampling Theorem

An example: sinusoids

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The Sampling Theorem

An example: sinusoids

23

Sampling TheoremStatement
A continuous-time signal x(t) with
frequencies no higher than fmax can be
reconstructed exactly from its samples
x[n]=x(nTs), if the samples are taken at a
rate fs = 1/Ts that is greater than 2 fmax.

Over-sampling ( fs > 2 fmax)

Under-sampling ( fs < 2 fmax) Aliasing

Critical-sampling ( fs = 2 fmax)

Time-Domain analysis for Analog

Signal
y(t)
x(t)

Analog
System

Degree of System

Represented by

Rise time

differential
equation
BIBO Stability

Settling time
%Over shoot

Time-Domain analysis for

Digital Signal

x(n)

h(n)

y(n)=2x(n-2)+3x(n-3)

Impulse Response
y(t)
x(t)

Y(s)= H(s) X(s)

Y(s)= H(s) when X(s)=1
for x(t)= unit impulse
function

Analog
System

Y(s)= H(s) X(s)

y(t)=h(t)*x(t)

Derivation of Z-Transform from

Laplace Transform

Z-Transform of x(n) is defined as

Z-Transform

Unit step signal

u(t)
1
t
0

2T 3T 4T 5T

f * ( k ) e k

1
k

f * ( k ) 0, k 0

1
z
F (kZ)

1
1 e z
z e
*

Stability of Transfer function

N ( z ) b0 b1z 1 bM z M
X ( z)

D ( z ) a0 a1z 1 a N z N
The system is said to be stable only if all the poles of
the system or roots of denominator are less than 1

Concept of Convolution
Linear Convolution
Circular convolution

Output
y(n)

Input x(n)
Discrete-Time
System
h(n)

y ( n ) x ( n) * h ( n ) h ( n ) * x ( n )
y ( n)

( x(n k ) h(k ))

MATHEMATICAL TOOLS FOR FREQUENCY

DOMAIN ANALYSIS
TIME DOMAIN SIGNAL

Continuous Time

Periodic
FOURIER
SERIES

Aperiodic
FOURIER
TRANSFORM

Discrete Time

Periodic
DISCRETE
FOURIER
SERIES

Aperiodic

DISCRETE
DISCRETE
TIME
FOURIER
FOURIER
TRANSFORMTRANSFORM

Importance of frequency domain

analysis:
Glass Prism

Beam of
sunlight

V
I
B
G
Y
O
R

Spectrum

Glass Prism
White Light

Beam of
sunlight

CONTINUOUS AND PERIODIC SIGNAL FOURIER SERIES

CONTINUOUS AND APERIODIC SIGNAL FOURIER TRANSFORM

DISCRETE AND PERIODIC SIGNAL DISCRETE FOURIER SERIES

DISCRETE AND APERIODIC SIGNAL DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM

Example for DTFT:

x(n) = 1 for 0<=n<10 ( L=10)
=0

otherwise

X ( ) L 10

for
sin(10 / 2)
X ( )
sin( / 2)

Rectangular Pulse

0
otherwise

X ( ) tan 1 (im( X ( )) / real ( X ( )))

x(n)

X ( )

n
X ( )

Example for DFT:

x(n) = 1 for 0<=n<10 ( L=10)
otherwise

=0

Rectangular Pulse

X(k) = 1 for k=0;

= 0 other wise

X (k )

x(n)

X (k )

APPLICATIONS OF DSP
Space: Space photograph enhancement, data compression
Medical: Diagnostic imaging (MRI), electrocardiogram

analysis, medical image storage/retrieval

Commercial: Image and sound compression for multimedia
presentations, video conference calling
Telephone: Voice and data compression, echo reduction,
signal multiplexing, filtering
Military: Radar, Sonar, secure communication
Industrial: Oil and mineral prospecting, process monitoring
and control
Scientific: Earth quake recording and analysis, data
acquisition
In summary, DSP has foundations on Mathematics, Physics,
Electrical, Computer Science, etc., and can provide the key
enabling technology in numerous applications.

Thank You