INTRODUCTION

TO HUMAN
ORGAN SYSTEM
ANGGELIA PUSPASARI, dr
ANATOMY AND HYSTOLOGY DEPT.
MEDICAL FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF JAMBI

Learning objective
Identify the 11 organ systems of the body and
their major
organs.

Levels of Structural
Organization
Atoms
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ
System
Organism

Levels of Organization

Major Organs:
bones
ligaments
cartilages
Major Functions:
provide framework
protect soft tissue
provide attachments for muscles
produce blood cells
store inorganic salts

Skeletal system

Levels of Organization

Major Organs:
skin
hair
nails
sweat glands
sebaceous glands
Major Functions:
protect tissue
regulate body temperature
support sensory receptors
Vit D synthesized

Integumentary system

Levels of Organization

Major Organs:
muscles and tendons
Major Functions:
cause movement
maintain posture
produce body heat

Muscular system

Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
brain
spinal cord
nerves
sense organs
Major Functions:
detect changes
receive and interpret sensory information
stimulate muscles and glands

Nervous system

Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
adrenal glands
pancreas
ovaries
testes
pineal gland
thymus
Major Functions:
control metabolic activities of
body structures through the
release of hormones
Endocrine system

Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
thymus
spleen
Major Functions:
return tissue fluid to blood
carry certain absorbed food molecules
defend the body against infection

Lymphatic system

Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
Major Functions:
intake and output of air
exchange gases between air and blood

Respiratory system

Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
mouth
tongue
teeth
salivary glands
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
liver and gallbladder
pancreas
small and large intestines
Major Functions:
receive, breakdown, and absorb food
eliminate unabsorbed material
Digestive system

Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
Major Functions:
remove waste from blood
maintain water and electrolyte balance
store and transport urine

Urinary system

Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
scrotum
testes
epididymides
ductus deferentia
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
urethra
penis
Major Functions:
produce and maintain sperm cells
transfer sperm cells into female
reproductive tract

Male reproductive system

Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
ovaries
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
clitoris
vulva
Major Functions:
produce and maintain eggs cells
receive sperm cells
support development of an embryo
function in the birth process
Female reproductive system

Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
heart
arteries
capillaries
veins
Major Functions:
move blood through vessels and
transport substances throughout
the body

Cardiovascular system

CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM

Walls of the Heart

Chambers of the Heart

Atria two superior chambers
Receiving chambers
Blood from veins enters atria

Ventricles two inferior chambers

pumping chambers
Thick muscular walls to increase force of pumping action
Left > right

Separated by interventricular septum

Valves of the Heart

Permit blood flow in one direction during circulation
Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)
Also cuspid valves
Between atria and ventricles

Semilunar (SL valves)

Between R ventricle and pulmonary arteries and L ventricle

and aorta

Chambers & Valves

Trace the blood flow through the heart

Types of Blood Vessels

Artery carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
distributors
Arteriole: small artery
Precapillary sphincters: regulate the blood flow into
capillaries

Types of Blood Vessels

Vein carries unoxygenated blood towards the heart
Great ability to stretch (capacitance)
Function as reservoirs: blood pools in the valves then is
pushed forward from the pumping pressure
Venules: small vein

Types of Blood Vessels

Types of Blood Vessels

Capillaries arterial system switches to venous system

primary exchange vessels

Transport materials to and from the cells
Speed of blood flow decreases to increase contact time
Microcirculation: blood flow between arterioles, capillaries
and venules

Types of Blood Vessels

Circulatory Routes
Systemic Circulation blood flow from the L ventricle to
the body & back to the R atrium
Pulmonary Circulation blood flow from the R ventricle to
the lungs and back to the L atrium

Circulatory Routes

Systemic Arteries
Arch of aorta
Subclavian (L and R)
Brachiocephalic
common carotid (L
and R)
Axillary (L and R)
Brachial (L and R)
Radial
Ulnar

Abdominal aorta
Common iliac
External iliac
Femoral
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Dorsal pedis

Systemic Veins
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
External jugular
Internal jugular
Brachiocephalic (L
and R)
Subclavian (L and R)
Cephalic
axillary

Basilic
Median basilic
Median cubital
Common iliac
External iliac
Femoral
Popliteal
Great saphenous
Small saphenous

Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
Major Functions:
intake and output of air
exchange gases between air and blood

Respiratory system

Functions of the Respiratory

System
Air Distributor
Gas exchanger
Filters, warms, and humidifies
air
Influences speech
Allows for sense of smell

Divisions of the
Respiratory System

Upper respiratory tract

(outside thorax)

Nose
Nasal Cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx

Divisions of the
Respiratory System

Lower respiratory tract

(within thorax)

Trachea
Bronchial Tree
Lungs

Structures of the Upper

Respiratory Tract

Nose - warms and moistens air

Palantine bone separates
nasal cavity from mouth.

Cleft palate - Palantine

bone does not form
correctly, difficulty in
swallowing and speaking.
Septum - separates right
and left nostrils

rich blood supply = nose

bleeds.
Sinuses - 4 air containing
spaces open or drain into
nose - (lowers weight of
skull).

Structures of the Upper

Respiratory Tract
Pharynx - (throat)
Base of skull to
esophagus
3 divisions

Nasopharynx - behind nose

to soft palate.

Adenoids swell and

block.
Oropharynx - behind
mouth, soft palate to hyoid
bone.

tonsils
Laryngopharynx - hyoid
bone to esophagus.

Structures of the Upper

Respiratory Tract Pharynx
Continued

Changes shape to allow for vowel sounds = phonation.

Structures of the Lower

Respiratory Tract

Larynx - voice box

Root of tongue to
upper end of trachea.

Made of cartilage

2 pairs of folds

Vestibular - false vocal

cords
True vocal cords

Structures of the Lower

Respiratory Tract larynx
cont

Thyroid cartilage - adams

apple - larger in males due
to testosterone.
Epiglottis - flap of skin
(hatch) on trachea, moves
when swallowing and
speaking.

closes off trachea when

swallowing food

Structures of the Lower

Respiratory Tract
Trachea (windpipe)

Larynx to bronchi
Consists of smooth
cartilage and C
shaped rings of
cartilage.
Tracheostomy cutting of an opening
in trachea to allow
breathing.

Structures of the Lower

Respiratory Tract
Bronchi

Tubes that branch off

trachea and enter into
lungs
Ciliated
Branches: Primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
Bronchioles branch into
microscopic alveolar ducts.
Terminate into alveolar
sacs
Gas exchange with blood
occurs in sacs.

Structures of the Lower

Respiratory Tract

Structures of the Lower

Respiratory Tract
Lungs

Extend from
diaphragm to
clavicles
Divided into lobes
by fissures.
Visceral pleura
adheres to the
lungs.

Pleurisy =
inflammation of the
pleural lining

(Plural bronchi)

Bronchioles

Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
mouth
tongue
teeth
salivary glands
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
liver and gallbladder
pancreas
small and large intestines
Major Functions:
receive, breakdown, and absorb food
eliminate unabsorbed material
Digestive system

Digestive System
Function
Acquires nutrients from environment
Anabolism
Uses raw materials to synthesize essential
compounds

Catabolism
Decomposes substances to provide energy
cells need to function

Digestive (GI) Tract

Actions of Digestive (GI)

Tract
Ingestion

Occurs when material

enters via the mouth

Mechanical
Processing

Crushing / Shearing
makes material easier
to move through the
tract

Digestion

Chemical breakdown
of food into small
organic compounds for
absorption

Secretion

Release of water
acids, buffers,
enzymes & salts by
epithelium of GI tract
and glandular organs

Absorption

Movement of organic
substrates,
electrolytes, vitamins
& water across
digestive epithelium

Excretion

Removal of waste
products from body
fluids

Functions of Oral Cavity

Sensory analysis
Of material before
swallowing

Mechanical processing
Through actions of teeth,
tongue, and palatal
surfaces

Lubrication
Mixing with mucus and
salivary gland secretions

Limited digestion
Of carbohydrates and

Esophagus
A hollow muscular
tube
About 25 cm (10 in.)
long and 2 cm (0.80
in.) wide
Conveys solid food
and liquids to the
stomach

Stomach Function
Major Functions of the
Stomach
Storage of ingested food
Mechanical breakdown of

ingested food
Disruption of chemical

bonds in food material by

acid and enzymes
Production of intrinsic

factor, a glycoprotein
required for absorption of
vitamin B12 in small
intestine

Small Intestine
90% of absorption occurs in the small
intestine

Small Intestine
The Duodenum
The segment of small intestine closest to
stomach
25 cm (10 in.) long
Mixing bowl that receives chyme from
stomach and digestive secretions from
pancreas and liver
Functions of the duodenum
To receive chyme from stomach
To neutralize acids before they can damage the
absorptive surfaces of the small intestine

Small Intestine
The Jejunum
Is the middle segment of small intestine
2.5 meters (8.2 ft) long
Is the location of most
Chemical digestion
Nutrient absorption

Has few plicae circulares

Small villi

Small Intestine
The Ileum
The final segment of small intestine
3.5 meters (11.48 ft) long
Ends at the ileocecal valve, a sphincter that
controls flow of material from the ileum into the
large intestine

Pancreas
Lies posterior to stomach
From duodenum toward
spleen

Is bound to posterior wall

of abdominal cavity
Is wrapped in thin,
connective tissue capsule
Functions of the Pancreas
1.Endocrine cells of the
pancreatic islets:

Secrete insulin and

glucagon into
bloodstream

2.Exocrine cells:

Acinar cells and

epithelial cells of duct
system secrete
pancreatic juice

Liver

Liver Function
The Physiology of the Liver
1.
2.
3.

Metabolic regulation
Hematological regulation
Bile production

Large Intestine
Is horseshoe shaped
Extends from end of ileum to anus
Lies inferior to stomach and liver
Frames the small intestine
Also called large bowel
Is about 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) long and
7.5 cm (3 in.) wide

Large Intestine Functions

Reabsorption of water
Compaction of intestinal
contents into feces
Absorption of important
vitamins produced by
bacteria
Storage of fecal material
prior to defecation

Parts of Large Intestine

The Cecum

Is an expanded pouch
Receives material
arriving from the ileum
Stores materials and
begins compaction

Appendix
Also called vermiform
appendix
Is a slender, hollow
appendage about 9 cm
(3.6 in.) long
Is dominated by lymphoid
nodules (a lymphoid

Parts of Colon
Ascending Colon
Begins at superior border of cecum
Ascends along right lateral and posterior wall of
peritoneal cavity to inferior surface of the liver
and bends at right colic flexure (hepatic flexure)

Transverse Colon
Crosses abdomen from right to left; turns at left
colic flexure (splenic flexure)
Is supported by transverse mesocolon
Is separated from anterior abdominal wall by
greater omentum

Parts of Colon
The Descending Colon
Proceeds inferiorly along left side to the
iliac fossa (inner surface of left ilium)
Is retroperitoneal, firmly attached to
abdominal wall

The Sigmoid Colon

Is an S-shaped segment, about 15 cm (6
in.) long
Starts at sigmoid flexure
Lies posterior to urinary bladder
Is suspended from sigmoid mesocolon
Empties into rectum

Parts of Colon

Parts of Large Intestine

The Rectum

Forms last 15 cm (6 in.) of

digestive tract
Is an expandable organ for
temporary storage of feces
Movement of fecal material
into rectum triggers urge to
defecate

The anal canal is the last

portion of the rectum

Contains small longitudinal folds

called anal columns

Anus

Also called anal orifice

Is exit of the anal canal
Has keratinized epidermis like
skin

Physiology of the Large

Intestine
Absorption in the Large Intestine
Reabsorption of water
Reabsorption of bile salts
In the cecum
Transported in blood to liver

Absorption of vitamins produced by bacteria

Absorption of organic wastes

Organ System
Interrelationships
The integumentary system protects the body from the
external environment
Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with the
external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen

Organ System
Interrelationships
Nutrients and oxygen
are distributed by the
blood
Metabolic wastes are
eliminated by the
urinary and
respiratory systems