Classifications of

Mental Disorders
MENTAL DISORDER - ALSO CALLED A MENTAL
ILLNESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER OR
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER, IS MENTAL OR
BEHAVIOURAL PATTERN THAT CAUSES EITHER
SUFFERING OR A POOR ABILITY TO FUNCTION IN
ORDINARY LIFE.

Mental illness refers to a wide range of mental

health conditions disorders that affect your
mood, thinking and behaviour.

TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF
MENTAL DISORDER
1.

ICD 10 (INTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL

CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE & RELATED
HEALTH PROBLEMS) 1992 :- THIS IS WHOS
CLASSIFICATION FOR ALL DISEASES & HEALTH
RELATED PROBLEMS.

2.

DSM IV (DIAGNOSTIC & STATISTICAL

MANUAL) 1994 :- THIS IS THE
CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL DISORDERS BY
THE AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION
(APA).

ICD 10 (International Statistical

Classification of Disease & Health
Related Problems)
F00 F09 ORGANIC, INCLUDING SYMPTOMATIC,

MENTAL DISORDERS
F10 F19 MENTAL & BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS
DUE TO PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE USE
F20 F29 SCHIZOPHRENIA, SCHIZOTYPAL &
DELUSIONAL DISORDERS
F 3 0 F 3 9 M O O D ( A F F E C T I V E ) D I S O R D E R S
F 4 0 F 4 9 N E U R O T I C , S T R E S S - R A P I D & S O M A T O FORM DISORDERS

(cont.)

F50 F59 Behavioural syndromes associated with

physiological disturbances & physical factors

F60 F69 Disorders of adult personality & behaviour
F70 F79 Mental Retardation
F80 F89 Disorders of psychological development
F90 F98 Behavioural & emotional Disorders with onset
usually occurring in childhood & adolescence
F99 Unspecified mental Disorders

DSM IV (Diagnostic &

Statistical Manual)
AXIS I : CLINICAL PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS
AXIS II: PERSONALITY DISORDER & MENTAL

RETARDATION
AXIS III: GENERAL MEDICAL CONDITIONS
AXIS IV: PSYCHOSOCIAL & ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS
AXIS V: GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONING
IN CURRENT & PAST ONE YEAR.

ANTISOCIAL
PERSONALITIES
W H O' S I C D - 1 0 , H A S A D I A G N O S I S C A L L E D
DISSOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER:
It is characterized by at least 3 of the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Callous unconcern for the feelings of others;

Gross and persistent attitude of irresponsibility and disregard for social norms,
rules, and obligations;
Incapacity to maintain enduring relationships, though having no difficulty in
establishing them;
Very low tolerance to frustration and a low threshold for discharge of aggression,
including violence;
Incapacity to experience guilt or to profit from experience, particularly
punishment;
Marked readiness to blame others or to offer plausible rationalizations for the
behaviour that has brought the person into conflict with society.

ANTISOCIAL
PERSONALITIES
APA's DSM-4 defines antisocial personality disorder:

A)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since
age 15 years, as indicated by three or more of the following:
failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by
repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest;
deception, as indicated by repeatedly lying, use of aliases, or conning others for
personal profit or pleasure;
impulsivity or failure to plan ahead;
irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults;
reckless disregard for safety of self or others;
consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work
behavior or honor financial obligations;
lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt,
mistreated, or stolen from another.

APA's DSM-4 defines antisocial

personality disorder:

B) The individual is at least age 18 years.

C) There is evidence of conduct disorder with onset before
age 15 years.
D) The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively
during the course of schizophrenia or a manic episode.

ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITIES
TREATMENT GOALS
GOAL: STOP LAW-BREAKING.
IF THIS PROBLEM PERSISTS: SHE MAY CONTINUE TO PERFORM CRIMINAL
ACTS THAT ARE GROUNDS FOR ARREST (WHETHER SHE IS ARRESTED OR
NOT), SUCH AS DESTROYING PROPERTY, HARASSING OTHERS, STEALING,
OR PURSUING ILLEGAL OCCUPATIONS.
GOAL: STOP DECEIVING AND MANIPULATING OTHERS.
IF THIS PROBLEM PERSISTS: SHE MAY CONTINUE TO LIE, USE AN ALIAS,
CON OTHERS, OR MALINGER.
GOAL: STOP SELF-DEFEATING, IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR.
IF THIS PROBLEM PERSISTS: SHE MAY CONTINUE TO MAKE DECISIONS ON
THE SPUR OF THE MOMENT, WITHOUT CONSIDERING THE CONSEQUENCES.
THIS MAY LEAD TO (SELF-DEFEATING) SUDDEN CHANGES OF JOBS,
RESIDENCES, OR RELATIONSHIPS.

(cont.)
Goal: stop irritable and aggressive behaviour. If this problem persists:

She may continue to get into physical fights or violence (e.g., spouse beating or
child beating).
Goal: stop reckless disregard for own safety or that of others. If this
problem persists: She may continue to display a reckless disregard for safety
(e.g., dangerous driving, high risk sexual behaviour, substance abuse, child
neglect).
Goal: stop occupational and financial irresponsibility. If this problem
persists: She may continue to be irresponsible at work, unemployed and
financially irresponsible (e.g., defaulting on debts, failing to provide child
support, or failing to support his family on a regular basis).
Goal: accept responsibility for own wrong-doing. If this problem persists:
She may continue to blame her victims for being foolish, helpless, or deserving
their fate. She may continue to minimize the harmful consequences of her
actions, or she may simply indicate complete indifference.

ALCHOLISM

(Dependence on Alcohol)

AN AD DICTI ON TO THE
CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOLI C
LIQUOR OR THE MENTAL ILLNES S
AND COMPULS IVE BEHAVIOUR
RESULTING FROM ALCOHOL
D EPE NDENCY. I T I S A BROAD TE RM
F OR ANY DRI NKI NG OF ALCOHOL
THAT RESULTS IN PROBLE MS.

In alcohol dependence a number of features come

together in the behaviour of the person affected.
Drinking begins to take priority over other activities.
It becomes a compulsion.
Tolerance develops, it takes more alcohol to produce

drunkenness.
Withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety and tremor develop
after a short period without a drink, and are reduced by
taking alcohol.

SIGNS OF ALCOHOLISM
As alcohol levels increase with more drinking, there

is poor control of muscles, poor coordination, double

vision, flushing of the face, bloodshot eyes and
vomiting.
Behaviour varies greatly. It is hard to predict what an
intoxicated person will do next.
He/she may cry bitterly, show unexplained
happiness, change moods rapidly, or just pass out.
Memory is commonly lost for the events while
intoxicated.

MENTAL HEALTH AND ALCOHOLISM

Depression is a common cause of alcoholism as the

depressed person seeks a way out of their problems

or a relief from insomnia.
Anxiety can be temporarily relieved by alcohol, but
this may lead to repeated intake and dependence.

DRUG DEPENDENCE
DRUG DEPENDENCE IS THE BODY'S PHYSICAL
N E E D , O R A D D I C T I O N, T O A S P E C I F I C A G E N T .
OVER THE LONG TERM, THIS DEPENDENCE
RESULTS IN PHYSICAL HARM, BEHAVIOUR
PROBLEMS, AND ASSOCIATION WITH PEOPLE
WHO ALSO ABUSE DRUGS. STOPPING THE USE
OF THE DRUG CAN RESULT IN A SPECIFIC
WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME.