Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PhylumEchinodermata
Echinoderm means spiny skin - have hard
endoskeleton, often with spines below thin skin
Are ancient group of marine animals that was dated
back nearly 600 MYA
adults are recognizable by five-point radial symmetry
(pentamerism)and having bilateral symmetry at the
larval stage
Adult echinoderms posses awater vascular
systemwith externaltube feet
mesodermal skeleton
composed of calcareous
platesorossiclesconnected
by a mesh ofcollagen
fibres.
Classes of Echinoderm
Crinoidea-sea lilies
Asteroidea - sea
stars
Holothuroidea - sea
cucumbers
Concentricycloidea - sea
daisies
Phylium Chordata
Phylum
SubPhylu
m
Urochordat
a or
Tunicates
Chordata
SuperClas
s/Infraphyl
ium
Agnatha
(jaws absent)
Cephalochord
ata or
Lancelets
Clas
s
Cyclostomata
(lamprey)
Myxini
(hagfish)
Osteichthyes
Osteichthyes
(bony fishes)
(bony fishes)
Vertebrata
or
vertebrates
Chondrichthyes
Chondrichthyes
(cartilaginous
(cartilaginous
fishes)
fishes)
Xenoturbell
a
Gnathostomat
a
(jaws present)
Amphibia
Amphibia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Aves
Aves
Mammali
Mammali
aa
SubPhylium: Urochordata
Class: Tunicates; Ex: Sea Squirts
1. barrel-shaped, sessile, filter-feeders
2. many secrete and live in a tough cellulose sac (tunic) as
adults
3. only have pharyngeal gill slits as adults, other chordate
characters only present in tadpole-like larvae
4. incurrent and excurrent siphons
5. no brain in adults
Subphylum: Cephalochordata
Class: Lancelet
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Vertebrate Evolution
Characteristics of Fishes:
Fish Evolution
First fishes known were jawless with heavy
bony armor
Internal skeleton was made of cartilage
Survived by Agnathans
First jawed fishes
occurred 410 mya
Early jawed fishes
were replaced by
more agile sharks &
bony fishes
SuperClass: Agnatha
Class Myxini(hagfishes)
have askullbut novertebral column
Cannot regulate body salts
scavengers in
cool waters
especially in
deep water
can exude copious
quantities of a milky
and fibrous slime or
mucus to escape from
captors
Class Cephalaspidomorphi
apparently derived from one
group of ostracoderms that lost
plates
Placodermi(100 Myr)
Placodermi(100 Myr)
Class Chondrichthyes
(cartilaginous fishes)
Class Osteichthyes
(bony fishes)
Complex circulatory system countercurrent circulation maximizes
removal of O2 from water
Lobe-finned fishes
6 living species & 5 lungfishes
, and the coelacanth
Class Amphibia
Characteristics of Amphibians
Evolution of Amphibians
Evolved from Lobe-finned
fishes used their fins to travel
over land from pool to pool
skeletal structure of lobe-finned
fishes and early amphibians
is very similar
Class Reptalia
Evolution of Reptiles
Mammal-like reptiles,
speculated that these were the
first endothermic
(warmblooded) vertebrates likely evolved in cooler climate
dominant terrestrial vertebrates
for 20 million years
Therapsids were the ancestors
of mammals
Replaced by Thecodont reptiles
Thecodonts
Dinosaurs
greater agility
Legs positioned directly underneath body - allowed larger body
Enabled running with speed and agility
Dominated land for 150 million years
Went extinct 65 million years ago - likely due to asteroid impact
Class Aves
(Birds)
Most successful of all terrestrial vertebrates, great diversity,
8800 species
1. feathers derived scales, made of keratin, develop from follicles, Has
shaft, with barbs, with barbules, with interlocking hooks
2. flight skeleton
bones tend to be hollow (trait shared with some dinosaurs)
backbone fused increase stability
fused collarbones (wishbone)
keeled sternum increase area for muscle attachment
3. have 4-chambered heart with pulmonary veins (2-loop system)
required to be endothermic or warm-blooded = increased metabolism
for flight
4. superefficient respiration have air sacs that assure that oxygenated
air is always going over the lungs
5. lay amniotic eggs (like reptiles)
Evolution of Birds
Class Mammalia
Evolution of Mammals
Two groups - Prototheria and Theria
Prototheria - egg-laying mammals close
relatives of therapsids. Small, resembled
modern shrews
Theria - live-bearing mammals.
Subdivided into marsupials (pouched
mammals) and placental mammals
Three Mammalian
Lineages
Order
Monotremata
(monotremes)
examples: duck-billed
platypus and spiny
echidna
- lay eggs
- more primitive
skeleton
Order Eutherians /
Placentals
Earliest Primates
1. Primates evolved more than 60 million
years ago during the Paleocene
2. First primates resemble tree shrews
Long snouts
Poor daytime vision
Darwins Theory of
Evolution
D
N
E
E
TH