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EE6006 - APPLIED SOFT

COMPUTING

SYLLAB
US

UNIT I: ARCHITECTURES ANN


Introduction Biological neuron Artificial neuron Neuron model Supervised and unsupervised
learning- Single layer Multi layer feed forward network Learning algorithm- Back propagation
network.
UNIT II : NEURAL NETWORKS FOR CONTROL
Feedback networks Discrete time Hopfield networks Transient response of continuous time system
Applications of artificial neural network - Process identification Neuro controller for inverted
pendulum.
UNIT III : FUZZY SYSTEMS
Classical sets Fuzzy sets Fuzzy relations Fuzzification Defuzzification Fuzzy rules Membership function Knowledge base Decision-making logic Introduction to neuro fuzzy systemAdaptive fuzzy system.
UNIT IV : APPLICATION OF FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEMS
Fuzzy logic control: Home heating system - liquid level control - aircraft landing- inverted pendulum
fuzzy PID control, Fuzzy based motor control.
UNIT V : GENETIC ALGORITHMS
Introduction-Gradient Search Non-gradient search Genetic Algorithms: binary and real representation
schemes, selection methods, crossover and mutation operators for binary and real coding - constraint
handling methods applications to economic dispatch and unit commitment problems.

BOOKS
Laurance Fausett, Englewood cliffs, N.J., Fundamentals
of Neural Networks,Pearson Education,1992.
Timothy J. Ross, Fuzzy Logic with Engineering
Applications, Tata McGraw Hill, 1997.
S.N.Sivanandam and S.N.Deepa, Principles of Soft
computing, Wiley India Edition, 2nd Edition, 2013.

INTRODUCTION
HARD COMPUTING V
S

SOFT COMPUTING

SOFT COMPUTING
Idea - To model cognitive behavior of human mind.
Conceptual intelligence in machines
Tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and
approximation.
Well suited for real world problems where ideal
models are not available.

ELEMENTS OF SOFT COMPUTING


ARTIFICIAL
ARTIFICIAL
NEURAL
NEURAL
NETWORKS
NETWORKS

FUZZY
FUZZYLOGIC
LOGIC SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS

EVOLUTIONARY
EVOLUTIONARYALGORITHMS
ALGORITHMS

ARTIFICI
AL
NEURAL
NETWOR

Fundamentals of Neural Networks


What is Neural Network ?
An information processing model that is inspired by the
way biological nervous system such as the brain, process
information.
A neural network is an artificial representation of the
human brain that tries to simulate its learning

process.

An artificial neural network (ANN) is often called


"Neural Network or simply Neural Net (NN).

Fundamentals of Neural Networks


ANN is an interconnected group of artificial neurons that
uses a mathematical model for information processing.
An ANN is configured for a specific application through a
learning process.

Why Neural Network?


Neural Networks follow a different paradigm for
computing.
The conventional computers are good for - fast arithmetic
Not so good for - interacting with noisy data or data from
the environment
The neural network systems help where we cannot
formulate an algorithmic solution

Advantages
Adaptive learning Ability to learn
Self organization Creates its own
Real time operation

Applications
Medical diagnosis
Recognition of Photos and fingerprints
Speech recognition
Load Forecasting
Weather Forecasting
Appraisal and valuation of property
Machinery control etc.,

Biological Neuron

Synapse
Nucleus

Artificial Neuron

ANN - HISTORY

ANN HISTORY

BASIC MODELS OF ANN


The model's synaptic interconnections

The training or learning rules adopted for updating


and adjusting the connection weights

Their activation functions.

CONNECTIONS
Single-layer feed-forward network
Multilayer feed-forward network
Single node with its own feedback
Single-layer recurrent network
Multilayer recurrent network

Single-layer feed-forward network

Multilayer feed-forward network

Single node with its own feedback

Single-layer recurrent network

Multilayer recurrent network

LEARNING
Supervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning
Reinforcement Learning

Supervised Learning

Unsupervised Learning

Reinforcement Learning

ACTIVATION FUNCTIONS
Identity function:

Binary Step function:

ACTIVATION FUNCTIONS.

Bipolar Step function:

Sigmoidal functions:
Binary Sigmoid function:

ACTIVATION FUNCTIONS.

Bipolar Sigmoid function:

Ramp function:

TERMINOLOGIES IN ANN
Weights
Bias
Threshold
Learning Rate
Momentum Factor
Vigilance Factor

PERCEPTRON
Perceptron solution [Rosenblatt, 1958]

Weights and thresholds can be determined analytically or by


a learning algorithm

Continuous, bipolar and multiple-valued versions

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