CHAPTER 1

TRANSPORT SYSTEM

Why multicellular organism need the

circulatory system?
- Cell needed nutrient and oxygen for
metabolism reaction, while excretory
product such as carbon dioxide and urea
need to be eliminate.
The problem is due to the small total
surface area over volume (TSA/V). This
limit the diffusion of needed substance
from outer cell.
The more bigger the organism in size , the
more lesser TSA/V. Diffusion of
substance inefficient.

 The basic strategy to overcome this

problem is with a specific structure
such as lungs and digestive system and
let the substances reach each cell via
circulatory system.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Delivers nutrients & oxygen to cells
Carries waste products away from the
cells
Protects the body from infections

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The heart, blood,
blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels,
and lymph, which
together serve to
transport materials
through out the
body

Three components of circulatory

system for human and animals are :
Blood
Heart
Blood
vessel

Blood
Circulatory
System

a) Blood, function as
connective tissue that
consists of blood cells,
platelets and plasma.
b) The heart work as a
pump to move and
circulate the blood.
c) Various size of blood
vessels in the vessel
system (arteries,
capillaries and veins).

Blood and haemolymph

Blood

Haemolymph

Medium of transport in human

and animal

Blood-like nutritive
fluid that fills the entire
body in arthropods

Functions :
Transports O2, CO2,
nutrients, hormones & waste
product.
Regulate pH of body fluid,
temperature & water content.
Blood clots to prevent blood
loss following injury.
protects body against
disease

Transports water,
inorganic salts &
organic compound
throughout the
haemocoel.
Does not transport
respiratory gases.

The composition of human blood

Red Blood
Cell
White Blood
Cell
Blood cell
Before
centrifuge

Platelet

After
centrifuge

Separated blood component after the blood centrifuge

For an adult, there are about 5 l of blood

in the body.
When the sample blood was taken and
undergo centrifuge, various type of blood
will precipitate at the bottom of the test
tube, while the plasma fluid will float at
the upper part of the test tube as shown
above.

Blood
consists of

Plasma

Water, glucose, amino acid,

Urea, antibody, hormone,
carbonic ion, mineral ions and
blood protein albumin,
Erythrocytes
fibrinogen and globulin;
(45%)
all solute substances

Blood cells
divided into

Leucocytes
(<0.1%)

Platelet
(<0.01%)

divided into

Granulocytes
divided into

Neutrophils, Basophils, Eocynophils

Agranulocytes
divided into

Monocytes

BLOOD COMPONENT CHART

Lymphocytes

Erythrocytes
Human erythrocytes

Is the most numerous type of blood cell.

Have a biconcave shape, increasing the
TSA/V to simplify the exchange of
gases via the surface.
For human being, the mature
erythrocytes do not have nucleus. it do
not undergo mitosis, but have the space
to fill in haemoglobin (250 million)

 Red blood cells contain haemoglobin ( a red

pigment) which combines with oxygen to form
oxyhaemoglobin. Oxyhaemoglobin releases
oxygen when it reach the body cells.
Each haemoglobin molecule contain haem gp
that consist of four iron atoms that combine
with another four oxygen atom to form
oxyhaemoglobin in the lungs and carry to
other parts of the cell.
Later the haemoglobine will combine with part
of the carbon dioxide in cells to form
carbominohaemoglobin and transport to lung
for the exchange.

 Erythrocyte can survive for about

four months (120 days) and then
destroyed in the spleen and liver.
The bone marrow and lymph replace
died erythrocyte with the rate of
two million cell per second.
Each milliliter of blood contain >< 5
million of erythrocyte.

Leucocycte
A colourless cell with a nucleus, found in blood
and lymph.
Do not have a definite shape.
Bigger than erythrocyte.
Only one leucocytes in each 700 erytrocyts.
Leucocytes are formed in lymph nodes and red
bone marrow and are capable of amoeboid
movement.
Two major type:
Granulocytes (contain granule) and
Agranulocytes (without granule)

(a) Granulocyte
Formed in bone marrow and containing
granule in the cytoplasm.
>< 70% of leucocytes contain granulocyte.
Granulocyte can divided to three group:
- Neutrophils, Basophils and Eocynophils
granules

Neutrophils

Basophils
Types of granulocyte

Eocynophils

1. Neurofil can be easily identify because

its nucleus have 2 to 5 lobes.
2. Eocynophils seldom can be found in the
blood. Its nucleus contain 2 lobes.
3. Basophils seldomly found in the blood.

(b) Agranulocyte
Not containing granule in the cytoplasm.
Nucleus in bean or sphere.
Can be divided to two group, they are
lymphocytes and monocytes.
Lymphocytes produce by lymph nodes.
Monocytes originated from bone marrow.

lymphocytes
monocytes
Type of Agranulocytes

Platelet

Platelet

Platelet is a fragment from

bone marrow in the blood.
Do not have nucleus
1 ml3 contain >< 30 000
platelet.
Involve in the blood
clotting.

ErythrocytesA

B
Platelet

C
Leucocytes

Blood consists of
a) Plasma
b) Red blood cells
c) White blood cells
d) Platelets (blood
clotting cells)

CONCLUSION
Circulatory system

The heart, blood, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph,

which together serve to transport materials through out the
body.

Blood circulatory system in human and animals

In human and animal, circulatory system involving

blood, heart, and blood vessel.

Human plasma contain water, protein, and soluble

substances such as glucose, hormone, oxygen, and
excretion substances.

Blood consist of erythrocytes, leucocytes, and

platelet.

Humans and mammal animals consist of four

chamber, that is left atrium, right atrium, left
ventricle, and right ventricle.

Blood vessels consists of artery, arteriole,

capillaries, venule, and vena.

Haemoglobin Structure