Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
planning
Berta, Lisa, Coutinho, Fortunate, Vickas and Michael
Learning objectives:
-Techniques for assessing the environment
-Tools for allocating resources
-Tools for production planning
-Techniques for scenario/contingency planning
-Creativity
.Environmental scenario
.Forecasting
-Simulation techniques
-Delphi techniques
.Benchmarking
.Scheduling tools
-Gantt charts
-loads charts
-Linear programming
.Flow chart
-Tree Diagram
Scenario Planning
Creativity Aids
Osborn
Model
Fact-finding
Idea finding
Solution finding
Anatomy of a Creative Moment
Preparation
Incubation
Illumination
Translation
Four Tools for Creativity
Belief in your own creativity
Absence of judgement
Precise observation
Penetrating questions
Brainstorming Rules
.defer judgement
-Scenario/contingency planning
-Creativity aids
ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING
The screening of large amounts of information to anticipate and interpret change in the
environment
COMPETITOR INTELLIGENCE
The process of gathering information about competitors-who they are?;what are they doing?
Is not spying but rather careful attention to readily accessible information from employees ,
customers , suppliers , the internet , and competitors themselves
GLOBAL SCANNING
Screening a broad scope of information on global forces that might affect the organization
Draw information from sources that provide global prespectives on world-wide issues and
opportunities.
FORECASTING
TYPES
Quantitative forecasting
Forecasting Techniques
QUANTITATIVE
Regression models
Econometric models
Economic indicators
Substitution effect
QUALITATIVE
Jury of opinion
Customer evaluation
Dont assume that the turning point in a trend can be accurately identified
The search for the best practices among competitors and non-competitors that
lead to their superior performance.
By analyzing and copying these practices , firms can improve their performance.
Steps in benchmarking
Allocating resources
Types
of resources
The assets of the organization
.financial : debt , equity , and retained earnings
Physical: buildings , equipment , and raw materials
Human : experiences , skills , knowledge , and competencies
Intangibles : brand names , patents , reputation , trademarks , copyrights , and databases
Structural /cultural : history culture , work systems , working relationships , trust , and
policies
Budgets
Numerical plans for all allocating resources to specific activities.
Used to improve time , space , and use of material resources.
Are the most commonly used and most widely applicable planning technique for
organizations.
Types of budgets
Be flexible
Remember that profits result from smart management , not because you are
budgeted for them.
SCHEDULES
Plans that allocate resources by detailing what activities have to be done , the order in
which they have to be completed.
GANTT CHART
A bar graph with time on the horizontal axis and activities to be accomplished on the
vertical axis
LOAD CHART
A modified Gantt chart that lists entire departments or specific resources on the vertical
axis
PROJECT
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
The task of getting a projects activities done on time , with budget , and
according to specifications.
SCENARIO
Planning steps
STEP 1:This has to do with realizing what the organization want to achieve. Such
objective can either be qualitative or quantitative in nature.It is impossible to plan
without realizing the objective.
STEP 2:This is the next step after setting the objectives.This has to do with realizing
the output of the objective.
STEP 3:This looks at analyzing the SWOT analysis or cooperate appraisal of the
organization.Identifying the aid and barriers enables the organization to know where it
stands and falls inlight of realizing the objectives.This is an important step to planning.
STEP 4:This step arises after realizing the aids and barriers of the organisation.
Developing a set of actions is a delicate process as it needs to be done in such a way
that enables the company to stand firm inlight of accomplishing its goals. Since both
aids and barriers have been discovered,developing set of actions should be done inorder
to take advantage of its aids and come against its barriers.