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CONTENTS

1- Transformer
2- Transformer Faults
3- Transformer Protections
4- Over Heating Protection
5- Buchholz Relay Protection
6- Buchholz Relay
7- Losses In Transformer
8- Oil Pressure Relief Device
9- Transformer Differential Protection
10- Transformer Biased Differential Protection
11- Biased Diffential Protection Setting
12- Typical Bias 30% Characteristics
13- Typical Magnetizing Characteristics
14- Magnetizing Inrush In Transformer
15- Typical Inrush Current Characteristics
16- % Harmonic Contain In Inrush Current
17- Restricted Earth Fault (Ref) Protection
18- Over Fluxing Protection
19- Transformer Oil
20- Dissolved Gas Analysis (Dga)

TRANSFORMER

The power transformer is one of the most


important links in a power transmission &
distribution system. It also possesses a wide
range of characteristics and certain special
features which make complete protection
difficult.

The choice of suitable protection is also


governed by economic considerations.

Transformer is an static device that transfer


electrical energy from one circuit to another
circuit without change in frequency.

TRANSFORMER FAULTS

TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS
TRANSFORMER UNIT PROTECTION (AGAINST
INTERNAL FAULTS)
Differential Relay
Restricted Earth Fault Relay(ref)

Buchholz Relay
Pressure Relief Device (Prd)
Oil & Winding Temp. Measurements
NON - UNIT (BACK UP) PROTECTION (AGAINST
EXTERNAL FAULTS)

Idmt Over Current Relays


Earth Fault Relays
PROTECTION AGAINST ABNORMAL CONDITIONS

Over Load
High Voltage, High Frequency Surges

OVER HEATING PROTECTION


This protection is mainly required protection of
transformer against continuous over load of
transformer , blockage or clogging of oil and
failure of oil cooling system which lead to over
heating of windings and / or oil. Oil & winding
temp. Indicator are provided with mercury
switches to give alarm & tripping.

BUCHHOLZ RELAY PROTECTION


All faults within the transformer tank give rise to
generation of gases, which may be slow for minor
or incipient faults and violent in case of heavy
faults. The generation of gas is used as a means of
fault detection by buchholz relay. The buchholz
relay is provided in the connecting pipe from
transformer tank to conservator. Two floats are
provided inside the relay and are connected to
mercury switches. Normally the relay is full of oil
and in case of gas collection the floats rotate on
their support to operate the mercury switches,
depending on amount of gas collected in the relay.

BUCHHOLZ RELAY
Incipient faults are minor but subsequently
develops itself resulting into damage to the
transformer. These may be due to:1. Core bolt insulation failure
2. Short circuit in core laminations
3. Local overheating because of clogging of oil
4. Loss of oil due to heavy leakage
5. Uneven load sharing by two parallel
transformers
These conditions generate gases due to
decomposition of transformer oil and give alarm or
trip switch operation depends on the amount of
gas generated.

LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER
Serious faults inside the transformer are :1. Short circuit between phases
2. Winding earth faults
3. Inter winding faults
4. Tap changer problem
5. Bushing faults
These type of faults are of serious nature and may
generate large amount of gases which operate both
alarm & trip mercury switches of buchholz relays.

OIL PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICE


Serious faults inside the transformer may cause
heavy pressure rise due to generated gases and
may rupture the tank and consequent risk of fire.
Hence a pressure relief device provided on top of
the transformer which opens to allow discharge of
oil if pressure exceeds the setting value and also
extend tripping command, but closes automatically
as soon as the internal pressure falls below the
critical level. This will avoid tank oil exposer to the
atmosphere for long time.

TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION
Turn Ratio = 20

11kv/220kv

NORMAL
CTR(100/1)

CTR (2000/1)

If =1KA

R
Y
B

10A
10A

87R

0.15A SETTING

TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION
11kv/220kv
If=1KA

CTR (2000/1)

NORMAL
CTR(100/1)

R
Y
10A

10A
20A
87R

0.15A SETTING

TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION


Turn Ratio at extreme tap (10%) = 22
Turn Ratio at normal tap = 20

11kv/220kv TAP POSITION 10%


NORMAL
CTR(100/1)

CTR (2000/1)

R
Y
B

1.0A
0.9A

1.0A

87R

0.1A
0.9A

TRANSFORMER BIASED DIFFERENTIAL


PROTECTION
11kv/220kv

If
=20KA

TAP POSITION 10%


CTR(100/1)

CTR (2000/1)

If =0.9KA

R
Y
10A

30% BIAS

B
B

9A

Is =0.15A
10A

87R

1A
9A

BAISED DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION


With 30% bias setting the effective relay
operating current at the time of external
faults will be

Iop = 30%X(10+9) /2 + 0.15 = 3.0A

TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION


11kv/220kv
NORMAL
CTR(100/1)

CTR (2000/1)

If =1KA

Y
10A

30% BIAS

B
B

9A

Is =0.15A
10A

87R

19A
9A

BIASED DIFFENTIAL PROTECTION


with 30% bias setting the effective relay
operating current at the time of internal faults
will be
Iop = 30%X(10+9) /2 + 0.15 = 3.0A
For very low fault current (say 50% of
full load current) then
Iop = 30%X(0.5+0.45) /2 + 0.15 =
0.2825A
current passing through relay
Ir = 0.5+0.45 = 0.95 A
hence relay will operate

DIFF. OPERATING CUURENT (P.U.)

TYPICAL BIAS 30% CHARACTARISTIC

3.0
OPERATE

RESTRAIN
0.15
1.5

10.0

THROUGH BIAS CURRENT (P.U.)

TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION


11kv/220kv

CTR(100/1)

NORMAL

CTR (2000/1)

R
Y
B

87R

87Y

87B

BIASED DIFFENTIAL PROTECTION SETTING


FOR UAT :
1. Tap position range%
12.5%
2. CT error (for ps class
CTs the error is less
than 0.25% )total 5%
considered to take
care of contingency
Total
Hence relay set at

+ 7.5% to

+5% to

12.5%
20%

-5%
-17.5%

BIASED DIFFENTIAL PROTECTION SETTING


FOR GEN, GT, UAT OVER ALL DIFF. :
1. UAT tap position range%
+ 7.5% to 12.5%
2. GT tap position range%
+ 5% to 5%
2. CT error (for ps class
cts the error is less
than 0.25% )total 5%
considered to take
care of contingency
+5% to
-5%
TOTAL
17.5%
Hence relay set at

-22.5%
30%

TYPICAL MAGNETIZING CHARACTERISTIC


FLUX
NORMAL PEAK FLUX

MAGNATIZING CURRENT

MAGNETIZING INRUSH IN TRANSFORMER


The phenomenon of magnetizing inrush is a
transient Condition which occurs primarily when a
transformer is energized. The switching side
(primary or secondary) will get a transient heavy
current called inrush current the initial peak value
of the inrush current in any phase may be up to 6 to
8 times the rated current depending on such factors
as the instant of switching and the magnetic
condition of core. This current wave form comprises
a high percentage of hormonics. Of these, the
second hormonic has particular pre-dominance
under all switching in conditions.

TYPICAL INRUSH CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS


DISTORTED WAVE FORM OF
INRUSH CURRENT

SECOND HORMONIC
COMPONANT

FUNDAMENTAL
COMPONANT

% HORMONIC CONTAIN IN INRUSH CURRENT


FUNDAMENTAL COMPONANT

100%

SECOND HORMONIC COMPONANT

63%

THIRD HORMONIC COMPONANT

27%

FORTH HORMONIC COMPONANT

5%

As second hormonic always present predominantly in


the inrush currents, hence second hormonics is used as
A stabilizing bias against inrush effect. The differential
current is passed through a filter which extracts the
Second hormonics; this component is then applied to
produce a restraining quantity sufficient to overcome
the operating tendency due to the whole of the inrush
current which flows in the operating circuit.
The relay will restrain when the second hormonic
component exceeds 20% of the current

TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION


R
Y
B
BIAS
5th
hormonic
filter

HIGH SET

TRIP

Polarized
relay

2nd
hormonic
filter

COMPARATOR

RECTIFIER &
SMOOTHING
CKT

RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT (REF) PROTECTION

REF Protection is used to supplement the differential protec

particularly where star neutral of transformer is grounded.

protection provides increased coverage to the star winding


PRIMARY CURRENT

R
Y
B

RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT (REF) PROTECTION


REF Protection is used to supplement the differential protection,
particularly where star neutral of transformer is grounded. The REF
protection provides increased coverage to the star winding against E/F
PRIMARY CURRENT

R
Y
B

1.

OVER FLUXING
PROTECTION
This protection
is commonly
used for generator
transformers
and
large
inter
connecting
transformer in the grid

2. Over fluxing arises during abnormal operating


conditions i.e. heavy voltage fluctuations at lower
frequency conditions during heavy power swings,
cascade tripping of generators & ehv lines in the
grid and due to avr malfuctioning during start up
or stutting down of generator transformer.
3. The core flux is proportional to v/f. power
frequncy over voltage causes both stress on
insulation and proportionate increase in the
magnatic flux inside the transformer
which
increases the iron losses and core bolts get
maximum component of flux, therby rapidly
heating and damaging of its own insulation.

OVER FLUXING PROTECTION


GT & UAT OVERFLUXING CAPABILITY IS
1. CONTINUOUS
: 110%
2. 6 0 SECONDS
: 125%
3. 5 SECONDS
: 140%

TRANSFORMER OIL

Mineral oil mainly of the paraffinic variety is


used for transformers in India. The oil acts
both as an insulant as well as coolant in
transformer. Due to a variety of mechanisms,
the insulating oil in operating transformer
breaks down to liberate hydrocarbon gases.
Electrical reasons for liberation of gases are
arcing, sparking, partial discharge of higher &
lower energies and local overheating. The
amount of gases involved depends largely on
the actual sequence of reactions taking place
which in turn depends on the temperature of
the fault /degrading mechanism.

TRANSFORMER OIL
An increase beyond the permissible key gas
limits is taken to be an indication of the type of
fault concerned :
KEY GAS
TYPE OF FAULT
Ethylene(C2H4)
Thermal degradation
of oil
Acetylene(C2H2)
Electric arc in oil
Hydrogen
Partial discharge
Carbon monoxide
Thermal aging of paper
insulation.

DISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS (DGA)

Permissible Gas concentrations(in ppm)


H
CH4
C2H2
C2H4
C2H6
CO2
CO
2

150
70
30
150
30
3500
300

300
150
50
200
150
5000
500

300
300
150
400
1000
12000
700

THANKS

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