Management Information Systems, 10/e

Management
Information Systems,
Raymond McLeod
Jr. and George P.
10/e
Schell
2007 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems, 10/e R

aymond McLeod and George Schell
Chapter 6
Database Management
Systems
2007 by Prentice Hall
Management Information Systems, 10/e R

aymond McLeod and George Schell
Learning Objectives
Understand
the hierarchy of data.

Understand database structures and how they
work.
Know how to relate tables together in a
database.
Recognize the difference between a database
and a database management system.
Understand the database concept.
Know two basic methods for determining data
needs.
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Management Information S
ystems, 10/e Raymond Mc
Learning Objectives (Contd)

Understand
entity-relationship diagrams and

class diagrams.
Know the basics of reports and forms.
Understand the basic difference between
structured query language and query-byexample.
Know about the important personnel who are
associated with databases.
Know the advantages and costs of database
management systems.
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The Data Hierarchy

Data
field is the smallest unit of data.

Record is a collection of related data
fields.
File is a collection of related records.
Database is a collection of related
files.
General definition
Restrictive definition
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Database
Table
of rows and columns can be represented in

a spreadsheet.
Relational database structure is conceptually
similar to a collection of related tables.
Flat file is a table that does not have repeating
columns; 1st normal form.
Normalization is a formal process for
eliminating redundant data fields while
preserving the ability of the database to add,
delete, and modify records without causing
errors.
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Figure 6.1 Spreadsheet Example

of the COURSE Table
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Database (Contd)
Key
in a table is a field (or combination of

fields) that contain a value that uniquely
identifies each record in the table.
Candidate key is a field that uniquely
identifies each table row but is not the
chosen key.
Relating tables is done through sharing a
common field and the value of the field
determines which rows in the tables are
logically joined.
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Database Structures
Database
management system
(DBMS) is a software application that
stores the structure of the database,
the data itself, relationships among
data in the database, and forms and
reports pertaining to the database.
Self-describing set of related data.
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Hierarchical Database
Structures
Hierarchical
is formed by data
groups, subgroups, and further
subgroups; like branches on a tree.
Worked well with TPSs
Utilized computer resources efficiently
Network
allows retrieval of specific

records; allows a given record to point
to any other record in the database.
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Figure 6.2 The Hierarchical Structure

Between the DEPARTMENT and COURSE
Tables
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Database Structures (Contd)

Relational
is when the relationship

between tables are implicit.
Physical relationship is when the
database structure (hierarchical,
network) rely on storage addresses.
Implicit relationship is when the
database structure (relational) can be
implied from the data.
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A Relational Database
Example
A
database named Schedule has been

created from tables used earlier in the
chapter and some others
The database is implemented in
Microsoft Access 2002 (also known as
Access XP).
Databases break information into
multiple tables because if information
were stored in a single table, many data
field values would be duplicated.
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The Schedule Database
The example is implemented on Microsoft Access

DBMS but would be similar on any relational DBMS
product.
The COURSE table in Access (Figure 6.4) is a list of
data field values. The table itself had to be defined in
Access before values were entered into the data fields.
Figure 6.5 shows the definition of the Code field.
Figure 6.6 illustrates that Abbreviation field values will
be looked up from a list of values in the DEPARTMENT
table.
Table 6.7 shows a single table of course and
department fields before they were separated into
different tables.
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Figure 6.4 The COURSE Table in

Access
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Figure 6.5 Defining the CODE

Field
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Figure 6.6 Look-up Values
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Table 6.7 Unseperated Table of

Course and Department Data
Fields
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Figure 6.7 Access View of Tables,

Fields, and their Relationships
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The Database Concept

Database
concept is the logical integration

of records across multiple physical locations.
Data independence is the ability to make
changes in the data structure without making
changes to the application programs that
access the data.
Data dictionary includes the definition of
the data stored within the database and
controlled by the database management
system.
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Creating a Database
Determine
data that needs to be

collected and stored is a key step.
Process-oriented approach
Define the problem.

Identify necessary decisions.
Describe information needs.
Determine the necessary processing.
Specify data needs.
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Determine Data Needs

Enterprise
modeling approach
takes a broad view of the firms data
resources; all areas are considered,
and synergy of data resources
between business areas can be
leveraged.
Result: Enterprise data model
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Figure 6.8 Creating an

Enterprise Data Model
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Data Modeling Techniques

Entity-relationship
diagrams (ERDs)
is a graphical representation of data in
entities and the relationships between
entities.
Entity is a conceptual collection of
related data fields.
Relationship is defined between entities.
One-to-one 1:1
One-to-many 1:M
Many-to-many M:N
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Figure 6.11 Entity-Relationship

Diagram
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Diagramming Techniques
Class
Diagram is a graphical
representation of both the data used in an
application and the actions associated
with the data; object-oriented design
model.
Objects are the data, actions taken on the
data, and relationship between objects.
Class diagrams consist of the named class,
fields in the class, and actions ( methods)
that act upon the class.
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Figure 6.13 Class Diagram
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Using the Database

Forms
show one record at a time and

can be used to add, delete, or modify
database records.
Navigation
Accuracy
Consistency
Filtering
Subforms
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Figure 6.15 Combined Data Entry Form

for the COURSE and PROJECT Tables
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Using the Database (Contd)

Reports
are aggregated data from the

database that are formatted in a manner
that aids decision making.
Queries is a request for the database to
display selected records.
Query-by-example (QBE) presents a
standardized form that the user
completes so the system can generate a
true query.
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Figure 6.16 Report of Departments

Showing Courses Offered and Course
Projects
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Structured Query Language

Structured
query language (SQL)

is the code that RDBMSs use to
perform their database tasks.
Method of choice for interacting with Webbased databases.
Writing SQL statements are not difficult
for most managers data needs.
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Figure 6.20 Structured Query Language

Code to Find Projects for the MIS105
Course
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Advanced Database
Processing
On-line
analytical processing (OLAP)

allows data analysis similar to statistical
cross-tabulation.
Data mining, data marts, and data
warehousing focus on methodologies that
offer users quick access to aggregated data
specific to their decision-making needs.
Knowledge discovery analyzes data usage
and data commonality among different
tables.
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Database Personnel
Database
Administrator (DBA) is
an expert in developing, providing, and
securing databases; duties include:
Database planning;
Database implementation;
Database operation;
Database security.
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Database Personnel (Contd)

Database
programmer writes code to

strip and/or aggregate data from the
database
High level of specialization and selection
End
user generates reports and forms,

post queries to the database, and use
results from their database inquiries to
make decisions that affect the firm and
its environmental constituents.
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DBMSs in Perspective
DBMS
Reduce data redundancy.

Achieve data independence.
Retrieve data and information rapidly.
Improve security.
DBMS
Advantages
Disadvantages
Obtain expensive software.

Obtain a large hardware configuration.
Hire and maintain a DBA staff.
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Management

2007 by Prentice Hall

Management Information Systems, 10/e R

2007 by Prentice Hall

Management Information Systems, 10/e R

the hierarchy of data.

Learning Objectives (Contd)

entity-relationship diagrams and

The Data Hierarchy

field is the smallest unit of data.

of rows and columns can be represented in

Figure 6.1 Spreadsheet Example

in a table is a field (or combination of

allows retrieval of specific

Figure 6.2 The Hierarchical Structure

Database Structures (Contd)

is when the relationship

database named Schedule has been

The Schedule Database

The example is implemented on Microsoft Access

Figure 6.4 The COURSE Table in

Figure 6.5 Defining the CODE

Figure 6.6 Look-up Values

Table 6.7 Unseperated Table of

Figure 6.7 Access View of Tables,

The Database Concept

concept is the logical integration

data that needs to be

Define the problem.

Determine Data Needs

Figure 6.8 Creating an

Data Modeling Techniques

Figure 6.11 Entity-Relationship

Figure 6.13 Class Diagram

Using the Database

show one record at a time and

Figure 6.15 Combined Data Entry Form

Using the Database (Contd)

are aggregated data from the

Figure 6.16 Report of Departments

Structured Query Language

query language (SQL)

Figure 6.20 Structured Query Language

analytical processing (OLAP)

Database Personnel (Contd)

programmer writes code to

user generates reports and forms,

Reduce data redundancy.

Obtain expensive software.

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