Restoration Of System After Blackout

Seminar Report

Pradipgiri Goswami
U10EE026
B.tech.IV
Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology
Surat-395007

Table Of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

Power Outage
Causes Of Massive Grid Failure
Effects Of Blackout

Chapter 2 Indian Grid Collapse

Chapter 3 Restoration Procedure Of System After Blackout

Strategies Of Power System Restoration

System Restoration
Priorities
General Guidelines

Chapter 4 : Problem During The Restoration Process

Conclusion

Chapter 1 : Introduction

Power Outage

Loss of power in region.

Reasons For Power Outage

Weather

Natural Calamities

Construction Accidents

Transmission Capacity Overload

Type Of Power Outage

Transient Fault

Sag In Voltage

Blackout

Causes Of A Massive Grid Failure

Power Swings

Synchronous generators inter connected and run at same speed. At the time of disturbance
restorative torque bring back to same speed.
For large fault Transient instability increasing.

Load Encroachment
Mal Operation of Relay
Unintended Tripping

RESEARCH
Stagnant Hydro Gen.
Scheduled limit
Power deficit

DEPLETED TRANSMISSION NETWORK

PROTECTION SYSTEM ISSUES
Effects Of Blackout

Chapter : 2 Indian Grid Collapse-2012

20TH July 2012

NR-WR got separate due to tripping of 400kv.

NR gets Power supply from ER.
Center f swing is NR-ER interface.
Reason : Under frequency

31ST July 2012

ER-WR interface for that WR isolated from

New Grid.
WR saved because of tripping of Generators in region
Due to high frequency.
SR getting power from WR and ER. Survives Because
Part loads fed from the WR and defense mechanism
Such as AUFLS and HVDC power ramoing.

Chapter : 3 Restoration procedure of system after

black-out

Strategies of power system restoration

Two strategies are used as followed

1)

The Build-Up Strategies.

2)

The Build-Down Strategies .

The Build-Up Strategies.

Mostly Use When power supply not possible to get from neighboring system or total black-out
happens.
Need one Black start facility with one station.
After black starting the station, emergency power is supplied to the stations without black start
equipment in order to make it possible for the units in these stations to start and to be
synchronized to the system.

The Build-Down Strategies .

Use in small system without high voltage lines. Mostly Use when assistance from interconnecting
areas available.

System Restoration
Systems of generating stations with black start facilities
Those generating stations where black start facility
are available should be started up and stable islands
should be formed around these generating stations
by connecting essential loads. These islands should
be gradually interconnected at the earliest opportunity
keeping into consideration the total load-generation
balance. Care should be taken to add loads in steps
keeping in view the load characteristics.
i.e. variation of load with respect to voltage & frequency.

System Restoration

Systems with limited black start facility

Providing start up power for systems which have few

generating stations with black start facilities or the
start up power to be imported from neighbouring
regions at one or two points is a challenging job.
This is mainly due to the distance between the source
of start up power and the generators and while
extending the start up power care should be taken to
control the voltages at various intermediate points.
This can be achieved by providing loads and adjusting
the taps of the transformers at the intermediate
stations. Sufficient attention has to be given for
MVAR management and line loadings to prevent
secondary collapse during restoration which will
extend the restoration time.

Priorities:

Loads are supplied via transmission lines. Energizing a transmission line

initially without any load can cause over-voltages.

High voltage lines

Operating generators at minimum voltage levels (by keeping filed excitation
low)
Switchable capacitors .
Adjusting of transformer taps .
Pick up loads with lagging power factor.
Charging more transformers.
Charging shorter lines.
Operating synchronous condensers / SVCs where available.
Avoiding charging lines with series capacitors .
Restore start up power supply to generating stations, critical sub-stations and
load dispatch Centers.
Formation of self sustaining Islands around the generating stations for which
procedures should be laid down in advance.

Chapter : 3 Restoration procedure of system after

black-out

Actions to be taken for restoration

Detailed procedure for the action to be taken in stations during restoration.

Proper functioning.
Eliminate Suspected Device.
Only the essential load/communication channels to be kept in service .

General guidelines:

The operator at generating stations and sub-stations should have the knowledge of pre-identified
synchronising locations and pre laid down synchronising procedures.
Switching procedure should be clearly laid down and periodically reviewed.

Communication & co-ordination

Reliable communication B/W LCDs
Ready back up procedures & delegation of control.

Chapter : 4 Problems During The

Restoration Process

Hydro Station May fail

Human Eror

Communication Problem

No load conditions

Due to that may be failure occure.

The reconnection of load, is accompanied by an increased power production.

To avoid large frequency deviations the size of reconnected load must be
limited. It is also essential to adjust the power production set-points on the
generators .

Conclusion

It can be concluded that the power system black-outs are critical events, which
affects economical and social systems severely. They should be treated as soon as
possible. Here basic procedure of restoration after blackout is stated but in real-time
situation solution may vary depending up on the actual fault. So the steps have to be
taken according to the seriousness of conditions.