Introduction Lesson (2) - 6

Horticultural Production
A Technical
Perspective of
Entrepreneurship
2IHM and 2IAT

Term 3 and 4
www.VHLuniversity.com
Objectives
Develop a better understanding of how plant growth can
be successfully managed to meet (customer) expectations
Relate (theoretical) concepts to sustainable horticultural
production practices
Identify factors that affect
growth & how these can
plant
be
influenced / managed
Key Aspects
Problem solving (competences)
Developing confidence in your knowledge & abilities and
stimulating enquiring learning
Remember = the text book does not always have the
answer for every situation use
what
you know & your common sense!
Further reading:
Sustainable Horticulture: Today & Tomorrow
by Poincelot (2004)
Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices

by Hartmann et al. (2002)
Ball Redbook: Crop Production (Volume 2)

Characteristics of Horticultural
Production as a Tool for Entrepreneurship
Embraces innovative strategies

Growth orientated strategic goals (based on specific
& changing market demands)
Seeks new opportunities
Willingness to take risks
But careful planning & knowledge
of systems is essential
Crop Scheduling
outdoor versus protected cultivation
vital part of (greenhouse) production
accurate scheduling allows for marketable products to
be ready for sale at the right time of year
starting point is marketable week then work backwards
to determine dates of
sowing /
planting / delivery /
transplanting
online interactive tools or self
Graphical Tracking
a decision - support (forecasting) tool for growers
especially useful for height control of pot plants
marketable characteristics vary
often seasonal
no production cycle / year is the same
compares actual plant height with desired (target) plant
height management decisions are based on the
comparison
flower initiation date
cultivar
pinching
daylength
(photoperiod)
hardening
off
relative humidity
Requires sound
What factors contribute

to towards producing a
temperature
(DIF)
plant
detailed knowledge
crop schedule?
CO2
days for
germination
time of year
final
container
size
light
plant growth
regulators
calendar age
versus
physiological age
Plant Knowledge
Technical pamphlet 2 sides of 1 A4 sheet (max)
Added to your report & /or used at the fair in June
Topics:
nomenclature: family, botanical, common names, variety
origin
end use / marketable appeal
propagation method
growing medium requirements
spacing
Plant Knowledge
environmental requirements
irrigation
fertilization
cultural practices
common P&D
illustrated crop schedule (table / graph / diagram)
Some examples:
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/hil/pdf/hil-506.pdf
Seed Propagation
plants with a short lifecycle / fast growing e.g.
annual / biennial
can be sown indoors (protected) or outdoors (season
dependant)
used to create new varieties (hybrid vigour)
but does not always produce plants
true to type
does not reduce risk of disease
spreading
Seed Quality Seed Potential

seeds are the foundation of agriculture quality plays a
significant role in worldwide horticultural production
important quality characteristics:
germination percentage
purity
vigour
appearance
disease free
Seed Quality Standards/Certification

seed lots should meet minimum requirements
(standards)
set by official certification agencies / legislation
testing determines accuracy of labelled
characteristics:
done by certification agencies or commercial
seed companies e.g. field testing (true to type)
or lab testing (seed
vigour)
Seed Quality Standards - Certification

quality of a seed lot can be improved by seed conditioning
seed cleaners, separators (use of air, gravity, weight)
reduces undesirable contaminants e.g. immature
seeds, weed seeds, foreign matter, damaged seeds
results in maximum % pure seed with maximum
germination potential
may include the addition of (regulated) chemical seed
treatment
Classes of Certified Seeds
Foundation
seed
Breeder
seed
Grower /
farmer
THE SEED
CHAIN
Registered
seed
Seed
supplier
Certified
seed
Plant Breeders Rights

Also known as Plant Variety Rights (PVR)
Right of a Breeder of a new variety of plant that give
the breeder exclusive control over the propagation
material (seeds, cuttings, divisions, tissue culture) and
harvest material (cut flowers, fruit, foliage) of a new
variety for a number of years.
It is important because:
Insure quality
Reduce copying
Allows to pay for the investment

to be eligible a plant must be:
distinct
stable
new / novel
have an acceptable name
growers are expected to pay a royalty on every plant

purchased and / or sold
violation of Plant Breeders Rights can result in litigation &
court-ordered restitution to the breeder
The International Convention for the protection of New
Varieties of Plants (first signed in 1961)

Dutch very active
hesitant to do business with certain countries
due to abuse of PBR
most breeders & plant propagators are united in
Plantum NL (founded in 2001)
- Association of Dutch breeding & propagation
companies & companies that trade in seeds &
young plants
- http://www.plantum.nl/english
Plant Breeding
goal = improved productivity (yield) & quality
uniformity
increased vitamin & nutrient content
better taste
dwarfing
improved postharvest (shelf) life
P&D resistance
improved form e.g. scent, shape, colour
shorter production period
increased tolerance of extreme environmental conditions
Table 1: The twelve most important players on the international vegetable seed market *
Company
Country
Parent Company
Seminis
USA
Monsanto
Syngenta
Switzerland
Syngenta
Vilmorain-Clause
France
Vilmorain
Nunhems
The Netherlands
Bayer
Takii
Japan
Independent
Sakata
Japan
Independent
Rijk Zwaan
The Netherlands
Independent
Enza
The Netherlands
Independent
Bejo
The Netherlands
Independent
De Ruiter Seeds
The Netherlands
Independent
Hazera
Israel
Independent
Zeraim
Israel
Independent
* control 80-90% of the total world vegetable seed market


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Introduction Lesson (2) - 6

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Horticultural Production

2IHM and 2IAT

you know & your common sense!

Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices

Ball Redbook: Crop Production (Volume 2)

Embraces innovative strategies

flower initiation date

What factors contribute

Seed Quality Seed Potential

Seed Quality Standards/Certification

Seed Quality Standards - Certification

Classes of Certified Seeds

Plant Breeders Rights

Plant Breeders Rights

growers are expected to pay a royalty on every plant

Plant Breeders Rights

* control 80-90% of the total world vegetable seed market

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