A PRESENTATION ON

FOREIGN REMMITANCE

SUBMITTED TO:
SUBMITTED BY:
MR. RAJESH MEHROTRA
PRAJWAL ADHIKARI
DIRECTOR
SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS EARTHQUAKE?

An earthquake (also known as a quake,

tremor or temblor) is the perceptible shaking
of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the
sudden release of energy in the Earths crust
that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can be
violent enough to toss people around and
destroy whole cities. The seismicity or seismic
activity of an area refers to the frequency, type
and size of earthquakes experienced over a
period of time.

TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE
Foreshock
2. Aftershock
3. Blind thrust
4. Doublet
5. Interplate
6. Intraplate
7. Megathrust
8. Remotely triggered
9. Slow
10. Submarine
11. Supershear
12. Tsunami
13. Earthquake swarm
1.

CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE
1.
2.
3.

Fault movement
Volcanism
Induced seismicity

1. FAULT MOVEMENT
In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or
discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which
there has been significant displacement as a
result of rock mass movement. Large faults
within the Earth's crust result from the action
of plate tectonic forces, with the largest
forming the boundaries between the plates,
such as subduction zonesor transform faults.
Energy release associated with rapid
movement on active faults is the cause of
most earthquakes.

FAULTLINES AND EPICENTERS

GLOBALLY

2. VOLCANISM
A volcano tectonic earthquake
is an earthquake induced by the
movement (injection or withdrawal)
of magma. The movement results in
pressure changes in the rock around
where the magma has experienced
stress. At some point, the rock may
break or move.

3. Induced seismicity

Induced seismicity refers to typically minor

earthquakes and tremors that are caused by human
activity that alters the stresses and strains on the
Earth's crust. Most induced seismicity is of a low
magnitude.
Causes
1 Artificial lakes
2 Mining
3 Waste disposal wells
4 Extraction of fossil fuels
5 Groundwater extraction
6 Geothermal energy
7 Hydraulic fracturing

CHARACTERISTICS OF
EARTHQUAKES

Epicenter: The epicenter is the point on

the earth's surface vertically above the
hypocenter (or focus), point in the crust
where a seismic rupture begins.
Hypocenter: The hypocenter is the point
within the earth where an earthquake
rupture starts. The epicenter is the point
directly above it at the surface of the
Earth. Also commonly termed the focus.

EPICENTER AND
HYPOCENTER

Shadow zone:A seismic shadow zone is an area of the

Earth's surface where seismographs cannot detect an
earthquake after its seismic waves have passed through
the Earth
Seismic wave:Seismic waves are waves of energy that
travel through the Earth's layers, and are a result of an
earthquake, explosion, or a volcano that gives out lowfrequency acoustic energy.
P-wave: P-waves are a type of body wave, called
seismic waves in seismology, that travel through a
continuum and are the first waves from an earthquake
to arrive at a seismograph
S-wave: S-waves, secondary waves, or shear waves
(sometimes called an elastic S-wave) are a type of
elastic wave and are one of the two main types of
elastic body waves, so named because they move
through the body of an object, unlike surface waves.

MEASUREMENT OF
EARTHQUAKE

Seismometer
Seismic scales
Earthquake duration magnitude

Seismometers

Seismic scales A seismic scale is used to

are instruments that measure

motion of the ground, including those of seismic waves
generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and
other seismic sources. Records of seismic waves allow
seismologists to map the interior of the Earth, and
locate and measure the size of these different sources .

calculate and compare the severity of earthquakes .

Earthquake duration magnitude:The concept

of Earthquake Duration Magnitude - originally
proposed by Bisztricsany in 1958 using surface
waves only - is based on the realization that on a
recorded earthquake seismogram the total length
of the seismic wavetrain - sometimes referred to as
the CODA - reflects its size.

Seismometer

Earthquake duration magnitude:

The concept of Earthquake Duration Magnitude
- originally proposed by Bisztricsany in 1958 using
surface waves only - is based on the realization that on
a recorded earthquake seismogram the total length of
the seismic wavetrain - sometimes referred to as the
CODA - reflects its size. Thus larger earthquakes give
longer seismograms [as well as stronger seismic waves]
than small ones. The seismic wave interval measured
on the time axis of an earthquake record - starting with
the first seismic wave onset until the wavetrain
amplitude diminishes to at least 10% of its maximum
recorded value - is referred to as "earthquake duration".
It is this concept that Bisztricsany first used to develop
his Earthquake Duration Magnitude Scale
employing surface wave durations.

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
TECHNIQUES