ID

S
M
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L
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O A
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P HG
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I A
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F SE
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&

ACHMAD FAUZAN ALFANSURI

TERRA ANDI PASOMAH

RESEARCH GAP

Missing element in the

existing research literature
that we can fill with our
research approach to make
our manuscript publishable

IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS &

RESEARCH GAP

1.Literature Review
2.Type of Scientific
Literature
3.The Analysis of Literature
4.The Critical Analysis of
Reasoning

U
T
A
R
E
T
LI

E
R

I
EV

W
E

LITERATURE REVIEW
Step by step process that involves
the identification of published and
unpublished work from secondary
data sources on the topic of
interest, the evaluation of this
work in relation to the problem,
and the documentation of this
work (SEK, 2010)

LITERATURE REVIEW
LR

WHY
WHAT

DISCOV
ER

DETERMIN
E

UNDERSTA
ND

WRITIN
G

RESEAR
CH
CRITICAL
APPRAIS
AL

Source : Allyson Skene. The Writing Centre, University of Toronto at

Scarborough

LITERATURE REVIEW : CONDUCT

AND WRITE
1. Choose a topic
2. Decide on the scope of your
review
3. Select the databases you will use
to conduct your searches
4. Conduct your searches and find
the literature
5. Review and Evaluate the
literature

T
N

E
I
C
S E
F R
O U
T
E
A
P R
Y
T TE
LI

C
I
IF

SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
Part of the scientific publications
that shows empirical and
theoritical work in the natural and
social sciences, and within the
academic field and often
abbreviated as the literature

SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
A tool of no less importance than a
research
instrument.
The
wellorganized
publication
of
scientific
literature is a necessary condition for
high efficiency of scientific effort.
(Pravda, Dec. 15, 1966 p.2)

SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE : TYPE OF SL

PRIMARY LITERATURE

SCIENTIFIC
LITERATURE

SECONDARY LITERATURE

TERTIARY LITERATURE
GREY LITERATURE

S
I
S
Y
L
E
A
R
N
U
A T
A
E
R
TH TE
LI

F
O

RESEARCH PROCESS MODEL

Source: Sekaran, Uma. 2003. Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach

LITERATURE SEARCH

(COOPER & SCHINDLER, 2014)

Literature search has five steps:

1. Define your management dilemma or management question.
2. Consult encyclopedias, dictionaries, handbooks, and
textbooks to identify key terms, people, or events relevant
to your management dilemma or management question.
3. Apply these key terms, names of people, or events in
searching indexes, bibliographies, and the Web to identify
specific secondary sources.
4. Locate and review specific secondary sources for relevance
to your management dilemma.
5. Evaluate the value of each source and its content.

EVALUATING INFORMATION SOURCES

(COOPER & SCHINDLER, 2014)

Purpose

Y
L
A

AN
L
A G
C
N
I
I
T N
I
R
C ASO
E
E
H
R
T F
O

S
I
S

THE PROBLEM-DEFINITION PROCESS

STEPS (ZIKMUND ET AL, 2010)
1.Understand the business situation identify key
symptoms
2.Identify key problems from symptoms
3.Write managerial decision statement and
corresponding research objectives
4.Determine the unit of analysis
5.Determine the relevant variables (dependent /
independent variable)
6.Write research questions and/or research
hypotheses

THE PROBLEM-DEFINITION PROCESS

STEPS
Firm's
Situation
22 year old
neighborhood
swimming
association
seeks
research help

Symptoms

Probable Problem

Decision
Statement
*Declining
Swim facility is
What things can
membership for outdated and does not be done to
6 years
appeal to younger
energize new
*Increased
families. Younger
markets and
attendance at
families and children create a more
new water park have a negative
favorable attitude
*Less frequent image to pool. Their toward the
usage among
old market is aging
association?
members

THE PROBLEM-DEFINITION PROCESS

STEPS
Decision
Research
Statement
Objectives
What things can Determine
be done to
reasons why
energize new
families may
markets and
choose to join or
create a more not join a swim
favorable
club.
attitude toward
the association?

Research
Questions
How do the
type of facilities
and pricing
relate to family
attitudes
towards a swim
facility?

Research
Hypotheses
Child-friendly pool
designs are
positively related
to attitudes
towards the facility.
Flexible pricing
policies are
positively related
to attitudes
towards the facility.

A SEARCH STRATEGY FOR EXPLORATION

(COOPER & SCHINDLER, 2014)

Discovery and analysis of secondary sources.

Published studies (usually focused on the results of surveys or on case
studies featuring one or a few incidents).
Document analysis.
Retrieval of information from organizations database(s).

Interviews with those knowledgeable about the problem or its

possible solutions (called expert interviews ).

Interviews with individuals involved with the problem (called

individual depth interviews , or IDIs).

Group discussions with individuals involved with the problem

or its possible solutions (including informal groups, as well as
formal techniques such as focus groups or brainstorming).

REFERENCES
1. Cooper, Donald R., and Pamela S. Schlinder. 2014. Business Research
Methods. 12nd Ed. McGraw-Hill International Edition
2. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Scientific+Literature
3. https://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/file/0006/42981/The_different_t
ypes_of_scientific_literature.pdf
4. Sanusi, Anwar. 2012. Metodologi Penelitian Bisnis. Salemba Empat
5. Scientific Literature, Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literature#Types_of_scientific
_publications
6. Sekaran, Uma. 2003. Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building
Approach 4th Edition. John Wiley
7. Sekaran, Uma, and Roger Bougie.2010. 5th edition Research
Methods for Business A Skill Building Approach. John Wiley
8. Skene, Allyson. The Writing Centre, University of Toronto at
Scarborough
9. Literature Review: Conducting & Writing: Steps for Conducting a Lit
Review, http://libguides.uwf.edu/c.php?g=215199&p=1420520
10. Zikmund, William G, Barry J. Babin, Jon C. Carr, and Mitch Griffin.
2010. Business Research Method 8th Edition