Ch4 Oblique Shock and Expansion Waves

4.1 Introduction
Supersonic flow over a
corner.

4.2 Oblique Shock Relations

1
sin
M
1

Mach angle

(stronger disturbances)

A Mach wave is a limiting case for oblique shocks.

i.e. infinitely weak oblique shock

Oblique shock wave geometry

Given :

V1 , 1 ,

Find :

V2 , 2 ...,

or
Given :

V1 , 1 ,

Find :

V2 , 2 ...,

Galilean Invariance : 1 2
The tangential component of the flow velocity is preserved.
Superposition of uniform velocity does not change static variables.
Continuity eq :

1u1 A1 2u 2 A2 0

A1 A2

1u1 2u2

u
)

Momentum eq : ( u
ds )u

t
s

f
d

pd
s

parallel to the shock

1u1 1 2u2 2 0 1 2

The tangential component of the flow velocity is

preserved across an oblique shock wave
Normal to the shock

( 1u1 )u1 2u2 u2 P1 P2

P1 1u12 P2 2u 22

Energy eq :

Q W shaft

W viscous Pu ds ( f u )d
s

u2
u2
[ (e )]d (e )u ds
2
2
t
s
2
2
u1
u2
( P1u1 P2u2 ) 1 (e1
)u1 2 (e2
)u2
2
2
2
2

u
u

2
2
h 1 h 2
u

1
1
1
1 2 2 2

u12
u22
h1 h2
2
2
The changes across an oblique shock wave are governed by the normal
component of the free-stream velocity.

Same algebra as applied to the normal shock equction

Mn1 M 1 sin
For a calorically perfect gas

2
1 Mn12

1 1 Mn12 2
P2
2
1
Mn12 1
P1
1

Mn22

M2

Mn12 2
1
2
Mn 2 1
1 1

and

T2 P2 1

T1 P1 2

Mn2
sin

Special case

normal shock
2

Note changes across a normal shock wave the functions of M1 only

changes across an oblique shock wave the functions of M1 &

tan
and

u1
1

tan

u2
2

tan
u1 2
1 Mn12
1 M12 sin 2

2
tan u2 1 1 Mn1 2 1 M12 sin 2 2

M 12 sin 2 1
tan 2 cot

cos
2

2
1

relation

For =1.4
(transparancy
or Handout)

Note :

1. For any given M1 there is a maximum deflection angle max

If

max

no solution exists for a straight oblique shock wave

shock is curved & detached,

2. If

max

, there are two values of for a given M1

strong shock solution (large )
M2 is subsonic
weak shock solution (small )
M2 is supersonic except for a small region near

max


or
2
M 1
4. For a fixed
M 1
3. 0

(weak shock solution)

Finally, there is a M1 below which no solutions are possible

shock detached
5. For a fixed M1

, P2 , T2 and 2 , M 2

max Shock detached

Ex 4.1

4.3 Supersonic Flow over Wedges and Cones

Straight oblique shocks
3-D flow, Ps P2.
Streamlines are curved.
3-D relieving effect.
Weaker shock wave than
a wedge of the same ,
P2,
The flow streamlines behind the shock are
straight and parallel to the wedge surface.
The pressure on the surface of the wedge
is constant = P2
Ex 4.4 Ex 4.5 Ex4.6

2 , T2 are lower

Integration (Taylor &

Maccolls solution, ch 10)

4.4 Shock Polar graphical explanations

c.f

Point A in the hodograph plane

represents the entire flowfield
of region 1 in the physical plane.

Shock polar

Increases to

V2

(stronger shock)

Locus of all possible velocities behind the oblique shock

max

Nondimensionalize Vx and Vy by a*
(Sec 3.4, a*1=a*2 adiabatic )

*
*
Shock polar of all possible M 2 for a given M1

M2

M * 1

M * 1

M*

2
1

*2

1
2.45,
1

for
1.4
if
M
M1* 1 M 1
M1* 1 M 1
M * 1 M 1

Important properties of the shock polar

1. For a given deflection angle

, there are 2 intersection points D&B

(strong shock solution)

(weak shock solution)
*
2. OC tangent to the shock polarthe maximum lefleation angle max for a given M 1
For 0 max no oblique shock solution
3. Point E & A represent flow with no deflection
Mach line
normal shock solution
4.

OH AB HOA Shock wave angle

5. The shock polars for different mach numbers.

 Vy
*
a

Vx M * 1

a *
a * 1
2
2
V
M 1* x* M 1* 1
1
a

M * Vx
1

ref 1. Ferri, Antonio, Elements of Aerodynamics of Supersonic Flows , 1949.

2. Shapiro, A.H., The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible
Fluid Flow, 1953.

4.5 Regular Reflection from a Solid Boundary

M 2 M 1 2 1
(i.e. the reflected shock wave is not specularly reflected)
Ex 4.7

4.6 Pressure Deflection Diagrams

Wave interaction

-locus of all possible static pressure

behind an oblique shock wave as a
function deflection angle for given
upstream conditions.

Shock wave a solid boundary

Shock shock
Shock expansion
Shock free boundaries
Expansion expansion

(+)
(-)

(downward consider negative)

Left-running Wave :
When standing at a point on
the waves and looking
downstream, you see the wave
running-off towards your left.

P diagram for sec 4.5

4.7 Intersection of Shocks of Opposite Families

C&D:refracted shocks
(maybe expansion waves)
Assume 2 1
shock A is stronger
than shock B
a streamline going through
the shock system A&C
experience or a different
entropy change than a
streamline going through the
shock system B&D

1.
2.

P4 P4'

V4

V4'

and
have
(the same direction.
In general they differ in magnitude. )

s4 s4 '

Dividing streamline EF
(slip line)
If 2 3
coupletely sysmuetric
no slip line

Assume

4'

and

are known

'
P4 & P4 are known

if

P4 P4'

solution

if

P4 P4'

Assume another

4.8 Intersection of Shocks of the same family

Will Mach wave emanate from A & C

intersect the shock ?
Point A
sin

supersonic

u1 a1

u1
V1

sin 1

a1
V1

intersection

Point C
sin 2

a2
V2

sin

Subsonic
u2
V2

u 2 a2

2
intersection

(or expansion wave)

A left running shock intersects
another left running shock

4.9 Mach Reflection

( max for M 1 ) ( max for M 2 )

A straight
oblique shock

A regular reflection is
not possible
Much reflection

max for M2

Flow parallel to the upper

wall & subsonic

4.10 Detached Shock Wave in Front of a Blunt Body

From a to e , the curved shock goes

through all possible oblique shock
conditions for M1.

CFD is needed

4.11 Three Dimensional Shock Wave

Mn1 M 1i n P2 , 2 , T2 , h2 , Mn2
Immediately behind the shock at point A
Inside the shock layer , non uniform variation.

4.12 Prandtl Meyer Expansion Waves

Expansion waves are the

antithesis of shock waves

Centered expansion fan

Some qualitative aspects :
1. M2>M1
2.

P2

P1

1, 2

1, T2

T1

3. The expansion fan is a continuous expansion region. Composed of an infinite

number of Mach waves.
1
Forward Mach line : 1 sin 1 M 1
1

Rearward Mach line : 2 sin M 2

4. Streamlines through an expansion wave are smooth curved lines.

5. ds 0
i.e. The expansion is isentropic.
( Mach wave)
Consider the infinitesimal changes across a very weak wave.
(essentially a Mach wave)

An infinitesimally small flow deflection. d

V cos V dV cos d tangential component

is preserved.

V dV
cos

V
cos d
1

dV

dV
1

V
1 d tan

sin 1

tan

d M 2 1

tan

dV
V

as

1
M
1
M 2 1

d 0

governing differential equation for prandtl-Meyer flow

general relation holds for perfect, chemically reacting gases
real gases.

d M 2 M 2 1

V Ma

dV
V

dV
?
V

dV Mda adM

dV da dM

V
a
M

da
?
a

Specializing to a calorically perfect gas

a0

T0
1 2
1
M
T
2

1 2

a a0 1
M
2

1
2

dV
1
dM

1 2 M
V
1
M
2
2
M
1 dM
2
M2
d

2
1
M1 1 2 M
1
M
2

let
v M

M 2 1 dM
M
1 2 M
1
M
2

1 1 1 2
tan

M 1 tan 1 M 2 1
1
1

2 M 2 M 1
Have the same reference point

--- for calorically perfect gas

table A.5 for 1.4

 procedures of calculating a Prandtl-Meyer expansion wave

1. M 1 from Table A.5 for the given M1
2. M 2 2 M 1
3. M2 from Table A.5
4. the expansion is isentropic

1 2
1
M2
T1
2

T2 1 1 M 2
1
2
P1

P2

1 2
1
M2
2
1 2
1
M1
2

T0 , P0 are constant through the wave