Plant Taxonomy

Classification and
Systematics

Nomenclature
Nomenclature

is the
science of giving things
names.
To provide each species
with a unique name,
thereby permitting easy
and effective
communication about
organisms.
The confusion and
misunderstandings that
would arise if several
organisms shared the
same name must be
avoided

This is an alpine willow, about 3

inches tall. Which characters allow
plant taxonomists
to recognize it as being closely
related to other willows?

Nomenclature history

This wall painting shows an Egyptian garden about 1400 B.C., but
extensive collecting, cultivation, and classification occurred long
before this. Grave inscriptions from 3000 B.C. show that this basic
garden pattern had been developed 5000 years ago. Ancient records
list cultivated and collected plants, some used for food or medicine,
others for beauty and fragrances. Shown here are date palms,

Taxonomy and
systematics
Taxonomy

and systematics consist of

studying various species and examining their
degrees of similarity, but this study is
complicated by the fact that plants can
resemble each other for two distinct reasons:
1. mereka berasal dari satu nenek moyang yang

sama, atau
2. mereka telah mengalami evolusi konvergen
(proses organisme tidak berhubungan, dan
mengalami evolusi ciri yang mirip sebagai hasil
beradaptasi dengan lingkungan)

The goals of taxonomy

developing

a natural system of
classification, a system in which
closely related organisms are
classified together, and
assigning plant names on the basis
of evolutionary
Taxonomists,
scientistsrelationships
who specialize in
classification and naming, immediately realized
that the most scientifically valid system of
assigning names to species would be one that
reflected evolutionary relationships

Tugas taksonomis
Menemukan

dan
mengidentifikasi spesies baru
dan memberikan mereka
nama yang unik.
Setiap spesies baru yang
teridentifikasi harus dipelajari
untuk menentukan kedekatan
hubungan nya dengan
spesies lain, sehingga genus
yang benar dan nama
keluarga dapat diberikan

The goal of modern

taxonomy
to

understand each of these

evolutionary lines and to
have the classification
reflect their relationships
accurately.

Although the evolutionary

diversification pattern is a reality, the
classification system is a hypothesis,
a model that attempts to map that
evolution

Types of Classification
Systems
1.
2.

3.

Natural system; yang mencoba untuk

mengikuti sejarah evolusi filogeny organisme
Artificial system; in which several key
characters, often very easy to observe, are
chosen as the basis of classification
Combines features of both artificial and
natural systems; used for fossil organisms:
untuk memahami evolusi fosil dan untuk
mengidentifikasi dengan baik nenek-moyang
dan kekerabatan yang kemudian
berkembang menjadi spesies lain

Keunggulan masing-masing
sistem
Sistem

natural mengajak kita

belajar evolusi tidak hanya evolusi
spesies, tetapi juga berbagai
aspek evolusi suatu spesies,
seperti struktur, metabolisme,
dan biologi reproduksi
Sistem artificial biasanya memiliki
tujuan agar mudah dalam
mengidentifikasi tanaman melalui
karakter seperti warna bunga dan
habitat tanaman.

Key terms
Binomial system
Botanical
nomenclature
Cultivar
Genus
Hierarchy
Latin

Species
Taxonomists
taxonomy

Plant Hierarchy
Kingdom
Division
Classes
Orders
Families
Genera
Species

Classes

are broken into Orders

Orders are broken into
Families
Families are broken into
Genera
Genera are broken into
Species
Species can be broken into
varieties or cultivars

The Binomial System

of Naming Plants

Binomial system

Bi (two) nomial (name)

System uses 2 words for the name
Much like your first and last name

Linnaeus
Responsible for binomial system of

nomenclature
Plant names always written in Latin
All scientific names and terms are Latin or Greek
derived
Not a dead language, just recognized globally

Taxonomist person who names living

organisms

Binomial system

Scientific name consists of:

Genus generic name
Group has similar characteristics and are closely
related to each other
Ex: Acer- all maple trees; Quercus- all oak trees

Species special name

Specific name or kind
Same characteristics and produce same type of plants.
Subdivisions:
Variety
cultivar

Binomial System of Naming

Plants
First

name generic name

belong to same genus
Second name specific
name belong to same
species
Same species- have same
characteristics & produces

Genus
In the scientific name, the first name is
the genus
All plants in the same genus have the
same type of reproductive structures
The genus is always capitalized
Examples of genera
Cornus dogwood Acer - maple
Quercus oak
Ilex holly
Magnolia - magnolia

Species
The

second word, when combined

with the first word is the species
Species are able to reproduce
sexually to end up with the same
characteristics in their offspring
The second word is usually
descriptive of the plant in some
type
The second word, or specific
epithet is always lower case

Which is a mango?
Vs.

Capsicum annuum

Mangifera indica

Why Latin?
Descriptive
Universal

language that doesnt

change
Common names are misleading
Green Bell pepper
Mango

Binomial System of Naming

Plants
Species

may have
varieties
Resemble other, but 1 or 2
differences
EX: peach tree- prunus
persica
nectarine- prunus

Binomial System of Naming

Plants
Cultivar-

cultivated variety

EX: Red Maple Acer

rubrum
Cultivars are Red Sunset &
Autumn Flame

Binomial System of Naming

Plants
Generic name- noun
Species name- adjective
Common generic names:

acer (maple),

chrysanthemum (mum),
dianthus (pink), hibiscus
(mallow), pelargonium

Binomial System of Naming

Plants
Species

name- important

info,
Colors- betula luteayellow birch
Betula alba white birch
Quercus rubra- red oak
Juglans nigra- black walnut

Species-Color
lutea
alba
ruba
nigra

Binomial System of Naming

Plants
Creeping

or erect:

Epigaea repens- trailing

arbutus
Geographical

info:

Anemone Virgiana- Virginia

anemones
Taxus canadensis- Canadian

Species- Growth habit

erectus
repens
compacta
horizontalis

Growth Habit

Growth Habithorizontalis

Growth Habit

Species- location

Contoh
> Nama tempat/pulau:
- Shorea javanica
- Aleurites moluccana

- Diospyros celebica
- Agathis borneensis

> Nama lokal :

- Sapindus rarak
- Carica papaya
- Stelechocarpus burahol

Sifat morfologi :
- Diospyros cauliflora
- Mallotus
oblongifolia
- Casuarina equisetifolia - Acacia auriculiformis

Tempat tumbuh (habitat):

- Ficus montana
- Heritiera littoralis
- Madhuca vulcanica

Binomial System of Naming

Plants
Size:

Macro-large
Micro- small
Macrophylla- large leaves
Microphylla- small leaves
Philadelphus microphyllus-

little leaf mock orange

Spesies

(Levels of Taxonomic
Categories)
Spesies

idealnya dan secara teoritis adalah

himpunan individu berhubungan dekat dengan
garis keturunan dari nenek moyang
Members of a species can interbreed with each
other successfully but cannot interbreed with
individuals of any other species
Most species are not so predictable; they may not
interbreed well with closely related species, but
an occasional cross-pollination results in a viable
seed that grows into a fertile adult
The word ''species" is both singular and plural;
"specie (spesiment) refers to money

Spesies

(Levels of Taxonomic

Categories)
Kedua

kelompok tanaman dapat dianggap subspesies dari

spesies tunggal.
Dua subspesies secara genetik harus sangat mirip;
kromosom dari kedua orang tua dapat berfungsi pada inti
yang sama dan, ketika tanaman dewasa, sel-sel ibu
berhasil menjalani meiosis.
Organisme yang berhubungan dekat, dapat bermutasi,
sedikit demi sedikit mutasi terakumulasi sehingga mereka
menyimpang.
Pada saat mutasi terus terakumulasi di setiap subspesies,
akhirnya tidak ada hasil benih yang mampu dihasilkan
ketika keduanya disilangkan atau benih tumbuh menjadi
tanaman steril.
Keduanya harus dianggap sebagai jenis yang berbeda

Genus/Genera

(Levels of
Taxonomic Categories)
Closely

related species are grouped

together into genera
Sulit menentukan apakah beberapa
spesies terkait erat cukup untuk
ditempatkan bersama dalam genus yang
sama
Tidak ada kriteria obyektif; keputusan
sepenuhnya subyektif dan sering
menjadi penyebab perselisihan besar
antara taksonomis

Genus/Genera

(Levels of
Taxonomic Categories)
Some

taxonomists, generally
referred to as "lumpers," believe that
even relatively distantly related
species should be grouped together
in large genera.
Other taxonomists, called "splitters,"
prefer to have many small genera,
each containing only a few species
that are extremely closely related

Genus/Genera

(Levels of
Taxonomic Categories)
some

taxonomists believe that cranberries

and blueberries are so similar that they
should go into the same genus, Vaccinium;
others think that cranberries are distinct
enough that segregating them into their own
genus, Oxycoccus, more accurately reflects
evolutionary reality
Kedua kelompok taksonomis setuju bahwa
dua set spesies tersebut berkaitan erat,
tetapi mereka berbeda pendapat mengenai
seberapa besar evolusi yang terjadi

cultivar:
CULtivated

VARiety = cultivar
Selected for desired characteristics
Traits maintained by propagation
techniques
3rd part of a scientific name
Common language, ex: King
Edward
Surrounded by single quotes

Variety:
appearance

distinct from other

varieties
Hybridize (crossbreed) freely with
other varieties
varieties will be geographically
separate from each other.
a cultivated species that maintains
its variety when propagated

Hybridization Example:
X

Life Cycle Classification

Annual Completes life cycle in less that
one year
Seed to Seed
Corn
BiennialCompletes life cycle in two
years
Carrot
Perennials Indefinite Life Span
Mango, rambutan

Levels of Taxonomic
Categories
Plants

have varying degrees

of relatedness, and a natural
classification system reflects
this in its numerous levels
Spesies
Genera (Genus; singular)
Family
Order
Class
Division
Kingdom

Plant Families

Family

(Levels of Taxonomic

Categories)
Each

family being composed of one,

several, or often many genera
Most families are well defined, with
widespread agreement as to which species
and genera belong in a particular family.
As examples, consider how easy it is to
recognize the following families: cacti,
orchids, daisies, palms, and grasses.
The reason for this probably is the age of
most families.

Family

(Levels of Taxonomic
Categories)
A

line of evolution must be very old

usually at least several tens of
millions of years to diversify into
several genera and many species
Even closely related families have
been separate evolutionary lines for
at least 20 or 30 million and often 50
million years

Fami
ly
In

this hypothetical evolutionary history, two lines diverged long ago, then many
of the early species became extinct (lines marked with x), and only some
continued on, speciating into two separate families. In family 1 all extant species
have at least six speciation events in their history since the latest common
ancestor shared with family 2. Family 2 has undergone slightly more rapid
evolution: The minimum number of branch points is seven, and two species have
eight. Thus, since these two lines of evolution diverged, many changes have
occurred in each, so they are quite distinct. In reality, there are about 400,000
species of vascular plants with unknown hundreds of thousands or millions of
extinct species, so the true phylogeny is gigantic. The latest common ancestor
for vascular plants probably occurred about 420 million years ago

Family
Common

characteristics

Seed pods
Flower structure

Examples
Tube
Corolla
Disk
Ray

of flower shapes

Plant Families
Related

genera
(pl. genus) with
similar flower
structures are
grouped
together into
major units
known as
families Roseaceae

Plant Families
Simple

flower- separated

flowers
Rose- pistil, stamen, petal,

sepal
Rosaceae genera- prunus
(plum) , fragaria (strawberry),
rubus (bramble), and malus
(apple)

Plant Families
Tube

flower- petals fused

to form corolla tube
Solanaceae family Genera solanum
(potato), petunia, &
nicotiana (tobacco)

Plant Families
Composite

flower- two
kinds of flowers packed
together to form a single
head or flower. Outer
flowers (ray flowers) have
large or small petals, inner
flowers (disk flowers)

Plant Families
Composite

flower Asteraceae includesaster, artemisia (silver

mound), helianthus
(sunflower),
chrysanthemum, achillea
(yarrow), senecio

Plant Families
Other families:
Brassicaceae (cabbage)
Apiaceae (carrot or

umbellifer)
Papaveraceae (poppy)
Liliaceae (lily)
Poaceae (grass)

Order, class, division, and

kingdom
The

levels above family are order, class, division,

and kingdom.
Some believe that the green algae should be
included because they are almost identical
biochemically to vascular plants.
Others believe that, despite the biochemical
similarity, the green algae should be excluded
because they are so different morphologically
and anatomically
Zoologists use the term "phylum" instead of
division, and "phylum" was used in botany until
recently

The names of
classification level
Except

for kingdom, genus, and species, the

names must have a certain ending to
indicate the classification level.
Division names end in -phyta, for example
Chlorophyta (green algae), Coniferophyta
(conifers), and Anthophyta (flowering plants)
Class names end in -opsida, subclass names
in -idae,
Order names in -ales,
Family names in -aceae (pronounced as if you
were spelling the word "ace").

The names of
classification level
Genera

and species names do not have standard endings.

The scientific name of a species is its genus and species
designations used together and either underlined or
italicized; for example, tomato is Lycopersicon esculentum.
Note that the species name is not "esculentum" but
Lycopersicon esculentum.
Esculentum is the species epithet (julukan), the word that
distinguishes this species only from the other species of the
genus Lycopersicon.
We cannot refer to tomatoes as ''esculentum" because that
species epithet is used for many different species in
different genera: for example, buckwheat Fagopyrum
esculentum, and taro Colocasia esculenta

Double names in some

family
Some

families have two names; peraturan di atas telah

diadopsi untuk mengatur nama family sehingga setiap
keluarga diberi nama setelah salah satu genus,
menggunakan akhiran-aceae.
The rose family was named Rosaceae, based on the
genus Rosa.
This worked well for most families, but for some, the old
name was so well-known and so familiar that it was kept
as well.
Examples are Asteraceae (Compositae), Fabaceae
(Leguminosae, legumes), Aracaceae (Palmae, palms),
Poaceae (Gramineae, grasses), Brassicaceae (Cruciferae,
mustards), and Apiaceae (Umbelliferae, umbels).

Homologi dan Analogi

Menentukan

apakah kesamaan
karena homologi
(keturunan
bersama) atau
analogi (evolusi
konvergen) bisa
menjadi sangat
sulit

 Anggota

keluarga Araceae semua memiliki seludang perbungaan

(seperti selubung kerah) dan spadik (kolom tengah), seperti dalam
Amorphophallus ini (a) dan Anthurium (b). Gen-gen yang ada saat ini
telah dihasilkan dari ribuan siklus replikasi DNA selama pertumbuhan
tanaman: crossing-over, syngamy (pertukaran gen-gen antara dua
individu lalu berpisah), dan perjalanan replikasi DNA sejalan
pertumbuhan zigot. Ini telah diulang jutaan kali sejak spathes dan
spadices pertama kali berevolusi jutaan tahun yang lalu. Mutasi dan
seleksi alam telah menyebabkan berbedaan yang jelas pada spathes
dan spadices, tapi homologinya masih jelas serupa

Evolusi konvergen
Penyebab

kedua kemiripan, evolusi

konvergen, dihasilkan ketika dua garis
evolusi yang berbeda tanaman merespon
situasi yang sama dan tekanan seleksi.
Dengan kondisi tersebut, seleksi alam dapat
mendukung mutasi pada setiap baris yang
menghasilkan fenotipe yang sama.
Ciri-ciri seperti ini adalah ciri-ciri analog dan
tidak boleh digunakan untuk menyimpulkan
bahwa tanaman sangat erat terkait.

Evolusi konvergen
Contoh

yang mencolok adalah evolusi konvergen

dari kaktus dan tumbuhan sukulen euphorbias
Both occur in deserts where a succulent waterstoring body is advantageous and spines are
selectively advantageous by deterring animals
from eating the plants to get the water.
The two families are not considered closely
related on the basis of spines and succulence,
however, because these features do not share a
common ancestry; they converged evolutionarily
because of similar selection pressure

Kasus Duri..
Duri

Kaktus adalah daun dimodifikasi yang selalu

lunak dan tidak pernah bercabang, yang terjadi
berkelompok pada suatu tunas yang sangat pendek.
Duri Euphorbia dimodifikasi cabang dan tunas yang
mengecil kecil, menyerupai daun ukurannya. Setelah
tunas termodifikasi, mereka terbentuk secara tunggal
di ketiak daun, tidak pernah dalam kelompok.
Jika kita lihat melampaui kesamaan analog, ciri-ciri
berbeda demikian nyata; bunga kaktus besar dan
memiliki banyak bagian, sedangkan yang euphorbias
kecil dan berkelamin tunggal, baik jantan atau betina.
Kayu kaktus bersifat parenchymatous dan memiliki
beberapa serat sedangkan untuk euphorbias sangat
berserat dan keras.

 Semak

berdaun kecil (a, Acacia aphylla) perbedaan tidak akan

nampak pada pandangan pertama jika tumbuhan ini memiliki
banyak kesamaan dengan pohon berdaun yang lebih besar (b,
Acacia drepanolobium), tetapi pemeriksaan seksama
mengungkapkan kesamaan homolog dalam ciri-ciri penting:
banyak bunga dan batang yang memungkinkan masuk pada genus
yang sama, Acacia. Dalam hal ini, gen pengendali morfogenesis
bunga dan batang sedikit berubah selama evolusi, sedangkan gen
pengendali pertumbuhan: pemanjangan batang, pembentukan
primordia daun, dan pembentukan kulit, semuanya berubah
drastis

 Mempelajari

kurangnya kesamaan juga bisa sulit

karena dalam beberapa kasus, sebuah perubahan
kecil genetik menghasilkan perubahan fenotipik
secara dramatis (Gbr. diatas).
Mutasi yang mempengaruhi produksi, distribusi,
dan kepekaan terhadap hormon menyebabkan
perubahan besar fenotipe antara dua spesies yang
berhubungan dekat.
Selain itu, mutasi yang mempengaruhi tahap awal
pengembangan seperti embrio atau tunas
meristem dapat menyebabkan spesies yang
berhubungan dekat akan menipu, terlihat berbeda

Cell
At

present, taxonomists study virtually every

aspect of plants using a wide variety of tools.
Simple observation of major parts is still
important, but scanning electron microscopy
to study hairs, stomata, cuticle, and waxes is
also used.
Internal structure is studied with both light
and transmission electron microscopy; the
nature of plastids in the phloem has been
found to be an extremely valuable character

 The

plastids in sieve tube members are simple, but they may

accumulate particles of starch or protein or both. The nature
of the accumulated material is highly specific with regard to
the family of the organism, and phloem plastid analysis is
important in studying the evolution of flowering plants. Sieve
tube plastids of Monococcus (a) lack a central cubic protein
crystal, but those of Macarthuria have one (b). Both are
members of order Caryophyllales, so both have a peripheral
ring of protein filaments. (Both 40,000) (Courtesy of H.
-Dietmar Behnke, University of Heidelberg)

DNA
DNA

sequencing is a new tool for analyzing

evolutionary relationships
Two plants are considered separate species only
if they differ in significant, heritable ways;
therefore, the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA
of each species must differ from that of all other
species.
When plant phenotypes are studied, the actual
objective is to determine differences in genotype.
DNA can be examined directly and mutations can
be identified, even if they do not cause any
detectable change in phenotype

DNA

Chloroplast

DNA was extracted from plants of three species of

Machaeranthera (in the sunflower family), then cut into
fragments with the restriction endonuclease ClaI. The
restriction map of M. canescens plastid DNA is almost identical
to that of M. bigelovii, which has every one of the 56 restriction
sites present in M. canescens plus one more (blue to left of
middle). M. riparia is rather distinct: It lacks only one of the
sites common to the other two species (near its right end), but
it has five that do not occur in the other species (red).
Blackpresent in all three species; bluepresent in two species;
redpresent in only one species.

The Major Lines of

Evolution
All

organisms are grouped into five

kingdoms:
kingdom Monera (bacteria and cyanobacteria),
kingdom Protista (algae and protozoans),
kingdom Myceteae (fungi),
kingdom Animalia, and
kingdom Plantae.

The most significant event in evolution was the

origin of life itself, probably about 3.5 billion
years ago

prokaryote into a
eukaryote
The

next major evolutionary event was the

conversion of a prokaryote into a eukaryote,
having a membrane-bounded nucleus.
This must have been an extremely gradual
procedure with many intermediates, because
many living species still have characteristics
intermediate between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
A significant aspect was the formation of
mitochondria, perhaps by endosymbiosis, with
a bacterium living inside an early eukaryote

early eukaryotes
Organisms

with an organization similar to that of

early eukaryotes are classified in kingdom
Protista
This classification is not satisfactory because the
included members are extremely diverse; clearly
they are not closely related and did not evolve
from a common ancestor.
The criterion for placing an organism in kingdom
Protista is simply that it is a eukaryote but not a
plant, animal, or fungus, although the immediate
ancestors of plants, animals, and fungi are
classified as protists

Numenclature
Frequently,

these studies discover that

certain names are not valid: The name
had been used previously for a different
species or had not been validly
published because no type specimen
had been designated or Latin description
written.
Surprisingly often, a particular
commonly used scientific name is found
never to have been published at all

 This

cactus species is currently named Ariocarpus retusus, but its

name has changed through the years. It was named Anhalonium
prismaticum in 1839, but later studies (1898) of the literature
revealed that the species had actually been named Ariocarpus
retusus before 1839; as the first name published, it had precedence
and the name Anhalonium had to be abandoned. The complete list of
synonyms used since 1839 includes 17 names

Plant Divisions
The

Plant Kingdom is broken

down into many divisions. The
four most important are
Thallophytes
Bryophytes
Pteriophytes
Spermatophytes

Thallophytes
No

true stems, leaves, or roots

Either one cell or a mass of cells. No
form/function
Examples include Algae and Lichens

Bryophytes
Lack

a vascular system for the

transportation of water
Examples include Mosses and
Liverworts

CIRI-CIRI LUMUT
Berklorofil, belum memiliki (floem, xilem)
Tumbuh di tempat yang lembab
Belum dapat dibedakan antara akar,
batang, dan daun
Peralihan antara tumbuhan Thallophyta
dan Cormophyta
Autotrof
Reproduksi sexual dan asexual
Sebagian lumut tubuhnya berupa talus
(lembaran)
Sebagian lagi telah memiliki organ mirip
akar (rizoid), batang, dan daun.

LUMUT
Tubuh lumut dibedakan
menjadi 2, yaitu
1. Sporofit : tubuh
penghasil spora
2. Gametofit: tubuh
penghasil gamet (sel
kelamin: sperma &
ovum)
Oleh karena itulah
lumut disebut
mengalai metagenesis
(pergiliran keturunan)

Reproduksi lumut
Asexual

dengan spora (sporofit)

Sexual dengan penyatuan gamet
jantan dan gamet betina (gametofit)
Terjadi pergiliran keturunan antara
fase gametofit dengan fase sporofit
(metagenesis)

Lumut daun

Lumut hati

Lumut Hati

Lumut tanduk

Sporofit lumut tanduk

Struktur lumut tanduk

MANFAAT LUMUT
Marchantia

bahan obat untuk

sakit hepatitis (liver).
Sphagnum (lumut gambut)
sebagai bahan pembalut dan
sumber bahan bakar.

Pteriophytes (Tumbuhan
Berpembuluh tanpa biji (B1))
Non-seed vascular plants
These plants reproduce through

spores, not seeds

Examples include ferns and club
mosses

Pteriophytes (Tracheophyta)
characteristics
Berkembang

biak dengan spora

Sering disebut juga kormofita berspora

Spora

dihasilkan di dalam sporangium

Sporangium dapat disusun dalam
strobilus, sorus, sinangium
Sperma berflagel, perlu air untuk
fertilisasi
Manfaat: tanaman hias, media
anggrek, bahan kerajinan tangan

Struktur Tubuh:
AKAR

: Akar serabut berupa rizom

BATANG : ada, ada berkas
pengangkut
DAUN
: Terdiferensiasi mjd: daun
tropofil & daun sporofil

REPRODUKSI:
ASEKSUAL
SEKSUAL

: Spora
: Fertilisasi

METAGENESIS:
SPOROFIT

: Tumbuhan paku

(dominan)
GAMETOFIT : Protalium

ADA DUA JENIS DAUN

TUMBUHAN PAKU (ada
tidaknya spora)
Daun

fertil / sporofil (penghasil

spora)
Daun steril / tropofil(tanpa spora)

Sporofil
Tropofil
Spora

BERDASARKAN JENIS SPORA YANG

DIHASILKAN TUMBUHAN PAKU DIBEDAKAN
MENJADI TIGA

Paku

homospora / isospora (satu

jenis spora sama besar)
Paku heterospora (makrospora dan
mikrospora)
Paku peralihan

PERAN
Tanaman

hias (paku tanduk rusa,

Asplenium, suplir)
Bahan obat (Aspidium, Lycopodium)
Sayuran (semanggi)
Pupuk hijau (Azolla pinata)

Spermatophytes
The

Spermatophyte Division is the

division that we work the most with
in Horticulture
These plants produce seeds
This division is divided into two subdivisions
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

Spermatophyta (Tumbuhan
berpembuluh biji (B2))
Berkembang

biak dengan biji

Biji dihasilkan didalam buah atau
tidak di dalam buah
Sperma umumnya tidal berflagel,
tidak perlu air untuk fertilisasi

Spermatophyta sub
division
(Tumbuhan Berbiji)

(Biji Terbuka)

(Biji Tertutup)

(Mlinjo)
(Pakis)

(Pinus)

Gymnospermae (Berbiji
terbuka)
Berkembang

biak dengan biji

Biji tidak dilindungi jaringan buah
Struktur reproduksi terdapat pada
kerucuk (strobilus)
Manfaat: tanaman hias, bahan
makanan, kayu, bahan kertas
terpentin

Contoh: Pakishaji

Class:

Cycadae, C circinalis (kiri) C siamensis (kanan)

Contoh: Pakishaji

Male

cone (kiri) Female cone (kanan)

Contoh: Ginkobiloba

Contoh: Class
gnetopsida
Gnetum

gnemon
L

Strobilus / Runjung
(Bunga)

Conifer/pinus

Conifer: Strobius pinus

Angiospermae (Berbiji
tertutup)
Berkembang

biak dengan biji

Biji dilindungi aringan buah
Struktur reproduksi terdapat pada
bunga
Manfaat: bahanpangan, sandang,
papan tanaman hias, obat
Terdiri dari 2 kelas Monokotil
(Liliopsida) dan dikotil (Magnoliopida)

An example: a
numenclature

An example: a
numenclature

An example: a
numenclature

Summary
One

of the goals of classification and

nomenclature is to give each species a
single unique name.
The classification system being developed at
present is a natural one, attempting to
reflect the actual evolutionary relationships
phylogeny of all species.
Artificial classification systems are now used
only to identify plants or to categorize useful
features but are never the basis for naming
species.

Summary
Closely

related species are classified in one genus,

related genera are grouped into families, and so on
through orders, classes, divisions, and kingdoms.
Each taxonomic category should be monophyletic, all
the organisms in it having evolved from the same
ancestral group. Groups discovered to have had two or
more distinct origins are the result of convergent
evolution; they are polyphyletic and the category is
not a natural one.
Homologous characters are those that have evolved
from the same ancestral character, whether they now
are similar to each other or not; these can be used as
guides to phylogeny and the construction of a natural
classification system.

Summary
Analogous

characters are those that resemble

each other but have arisen independently; they
are a part of convergent evolution and often
cause confusion and misclassification because
they appear to be homologous characters.
When a new species is declared, it must be given
a name never before used, and it must be
accompanied by a type specimen and a complete
Latin description published in a widely circulated
journal. The internationally recognized rules are
occasionally not followed, leading to an invalid
name.

Terima kasih